May 20, 2026 07:06 更新: May 12, 2026 21:19 When reading Japanese, you may often see formal expressions that show the basis for a judgment. 「これまでの議論を踏まえて、今後の方針を決めます。」 We will decide our future policy by taking the discussions so far into account. 「調査結果に基づいて、今後の方針を決めます。」 We will decide our future policy based on the survey results. Both expressions show that a decision is made with some kind of basis. So Japanese learners may wonder: “Are both just based on?” “Can I use them in the same way?” Actually, they are a little different. Simply put, 「を踏まえて」 means that you make a judgment after considering situations, opinions, experiences, or previous developments. On the other hand, 「に基づいて」 means that you make a judgment based on clear grounds such as data, facts, rules, laws, or documents. In other words, 「を踏まえて」 is close to “after taking various things into account.” 「に基づいて」 is close to “on the basis of a clear ground.” First, the common point: both express the basis for judgment or action Both 「を踏まえて」 and 「に基づいて」 are used before judgments, policies, responses, or actions. 「皆さんの意見を踏まえて、計画を見直します。」 We will review the plan by taking everyone’s opinions into account. 「専門家の意見に基づいて、計画を見直します。」 We will review the plan based on expert opinions. In both sentences, the plan is not reviewed without any reason. Some information is used as a basis for the decision. In this sense, both expressions can be understood as expressions that show grounds. However, the relationship with the ground is different. 「を踏まえて」 means that you consider something as one important factor. 「に基づいて」 means that something serves as the foundation of the judgment. This difference strongly affects the nuance of the whole sentence. 「を踏まえて」 means to take a situation or opinion into account 「を踏まえて」 means that after carefully considering certain information or circumstances, you make the next judgment or action. It is often used with words such as: 「議論」 discussion 「反省」 reflection 「経験」 experience 「経緯」 background or sequence of events 「前回の反省を踏まえて、今回は準備を早めに始めます。」 Taking the reflections from last time into account, we will start preparing earlier this time. In this sentence, 「前回の反省」 is not used mechanically as a fixed rule. The speaker thinks about what did not go well last time and changes the next action based on that reflection. Another example: 「参加者の意見を踏まえて、内容を一部変更しました。」 We changed part of the content after taking the participants’ opinions into account. This does not necessarily mean that all participants’ opinions were accepted exactly as they were. It means that the opinions were heard, considered, and then reflected in the changes. Therefore, 「を踏まえて」 often has the nuance of consideration, reflection, and adjustment. 「に基づいて」 means to follow a clear ground or standard 「に基づいて」 means that a judgment is made based on materials, data, facts, laws, rules, or standards. It is often used with words such as: 「調査結果」 survey results 「資料」 materials or documents 「調査結果に基づいて、新しい商品を開発しました。」 We developed a new product based on the survey results. Here, 「調査結果」 is the clear foundation for the decision. Another example: 「法律に基づいて、手続きを進めます。」 We will proceed with the procedure based on the law. In this case, it does not mean that the law is merely considered as one factor. It means that the procedure follows the law as its official basis. Therefore, 「に基づいて」 has a stronger connection with the stated ground. It clearly shows what the judgment is based on. The key difference: consideration or clear basis The core difference is this: 「を踏まえて」 is used when you take certain circumstances into account before making a judgment. So it goes well with broad information such as discussions, opinions, reflections, experiences, and situations. On the other hand, 「に基づいて」 is used when a clear basis serves as the foundation of the judgment. So it goes well with data, laws, rules, documents, evidence, and standards. 「これまでの議論を踏まえて、方針を決める。」 We decide the policy by taking the discussions so far into account. This is natural. A discussion may include many opinions and background factors. The sentence means that the policy is decided after considering those elements. On the other hand: 「これまでの議論に基づいて、方針を決める。」 We decide the policy based on the discussions so far. This is also possible, but it sounds as if the content of the discussions has been organized clearly and is being used as a direct basis. Now compare these: 「法律を踏まえて、対応する。」 We respond while taking the law into account. This is possible, but it sounds slightly softer. The law is treated as something to be considered. 「法律に基づいて、対応する。」 We respond based on the law. This sounds clearer and more official. The action is taken according to the law as its basis. Let’s compare more examples 「学生の意見を踏まえて、授業内容を見直しました。」 We reviewed the class content by taking students’ opinions into account. This suggests that the teacher or school considered the students’ opinions and adjusted the class content. 「学生の意見に基づいて、授業内容を見直しました。」 We reviewed the class content based on students’ opinions. This is also possible, but it gives a stronger impression that the students’ opinions were the direct basis for the revision. Now look at another pair: 「今回の失敗を踏まえて、次回は確認作業を増やします。」 Taking this failure into account, we will increase the checking process next time. This means that the speaker learned from the failure and will use it for the next action. 「今回の失敗に基づいて、次回は確認作業を増やします。」 Based on this failure, we will increase the checking process next time. The meaning is understandable, but it sounds somewhat stiff. It treats the failure almost like a formal piece of evidence or data. With words like 「失敗」 failure, 「反省」 reflection, and 「経験」 experience, 「を踏まえて」 often sounds more natural. On the other hand:

「統計データに基づいて、将来の人口を予測します。」 We predict the future population based on statistical data. This is very natural because statistical data is a clear basis. 「統計データを踏まえて、将来の人口を予測します。」 We predict the future population by taking statistical data into account. This is also natural, but it suggests a broader judgment. The speaker may also be considering social conditions, past trends, and other factors. 「を踏まえて」 sounds somewhat softer, while 「に基づいて」 sounds more formal and strict There is also a difference in tone. 「を踏まえて」 is often used in business documents, meetings, and explanations. It can show respect for opinions or circumstances. 「皆様からいただいたご意見を踏まえて、サービスを改善してまいります。」 We will improve our service by taking the opinions we received from everyone into account. This sentence gives the impression that the company values users’ voices. On the other hand, 「に基づいて」 is often used in reports, rules, contracts, research, administrative documents, and formal explanations. 「契約内容に基づいて、返金手続きを行います。」 We will handle the refund procedure based on the contract terms. This sentence gives a stronger impression of following a clear rule rather than showing personal consideration. So you can think of it this way: Use 「を踏まえて」 when you want to show consideration, reflection, or the process of discussion. Use 「に基づいて」 when you want to emphasize accuracy, official grounds, or clear rules. A common point of confusion for learners Many learners get confused with the word 「結果」 result. 「結果」 can be used with both 「を踏まえて」 and 「に基づいて」. However, the focus changes slightly. 「アンケート結果を踏まえて、改善案を作成しました。」 We created an improvement plan by taking the survey results into account. This suggests that the survey results were considered together with other circumstances. 「アンケート結果に基づいて、改善案を作成しました。」 We created an improvement plan based on the survey results. This suggests that the survey results were the main basis for the improvement plan. So even with the same word 「結果」, use 「を踏まえて」 when you mean broad consideration, and use 「に基づいて」 when you want to show a clear basis. In reading comprehension, pay attention to the following verb In JLPT N2 and N1 reading passages, 「を踏まえて」 and 「に基づいて」 often appear in long sentences. When you see them, look at the verb that follows. After 「を踏まえて」, you often see verbs such as: 「検討する」 to examine or consider 「見直す」 to review 「改善する」 to improve 「判断する」 to judge 「決定する」 to decide 「対応する」 to respond After 「に基づいて」, you often see verbs such as: 「作成する」 to create 「判断する」 to judge 「計算する」 to calculate 「分析する」 to analyze 「決定する」 to decide 「処理する」 to process Some verbs can be used with both expressions. However, 「に基づいて」 tends to suggest that the action is directly derived from documents, data, rules, or clear standards. In reading comprehension, it is important to ask: What is being used as the basis? Is it a broad situation to consider, or a clear ground to follow? For more formal written patterns, see the guide to formal expressions that often appear in JLPT N2 reading. JLPT Formal and Written Expressions: Common Grammar Differences For a broader overview of similar expressions, see the guide to confusing JLPT inference and judgment expressions. JLPT Inference and Judgment Expressions 「を踏まえて」 and 「に基づいて」 both express the basis for judgment or action. However, they are not the same. 「を踏まえて」 means that you make a judgment or take action after considering opinions, experiences, situations, reflections, or background. 「に基づいて」 means that you make a judgment or take action based on clear grounds such as data, facts, laws, rules, or documents. When you are not sure which to use, remember this: If the feeling is “after considering various things,” use 「を踏まえて」. If the feeling is “based on a clear ground,” use 「に基づいて」. 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