Andrew Johnson Democratic Ulysses S. Grant Republican Presidential elections were held in the United States on November 3, 1868. In the first election of the Reconstruction Era , Republican nominee Ulysses S. Grant defeated Horatio Seymour of the Democratic Party . It was the first presidential election to take place after the conclusion of the American Civil War and the abolition of slavery . It was the first election in which African Americans could vote in the reconstructed Southern states, in accordance with the First Reconstruction Act . Incumbent president Andrew Johnson had succeeded to the presidency in 1865 following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln , a Republican. Johnson, a War Democrat from Tennessee, had served as Lincoln's running mate in 1864 on the National Union ticket, which was designed to attract Republicans and War Democrats. Upon accession to office, Johnson clashed with the Republican Congress over Reconstruction policies and was impeached and nearly removed from office. Johnson received some support for another term at the 1868 Democratic National Convention , but, after several ballots, the convention nominated Seymour, who had formerly served as Governor of New York. The 1868 Republican National Convention unanimously nominated Grant, who had been the highest-ranking Union general at the end of the Civil War. The Democrats criticized the Republican Reconstruction policies, and "campaigned explicitly on an anti-black, pro-white platform," [ 2 ] while Republicans campaigned on Grant's popularity and the Union victory in the Civil War. Grant decisively won the electoral vote , but his margin was narrower in the popular vote. In addition to his appeal in the North, Grant benefited from votes among the newly enfranchised freedmen in the South , while the temporary political disfranchisement of many Southern whites helped Republican margins. As three of the former Confederate states ( Texas , Mississippi , and Virginia ) were not yet restored to the Union, their electors could not vote in the election. While readmitted to the Union, the presidential electors of Florida were appointed at the discretion of the state legislature rather than by popular vote. Partly due to the exceptional circumstances of Reconstruction , this was the last time until 1912 that the Democrats carried more electoral votes from the North (46) than from the South (34), as well as the last time the Republicans did better in the popular vote in the South than in the North until 1964 , due to very large majorities in reconstruction states like South Carolina and Tennessee . This was also the last time that Missouri supported the Republican candidate until 1904 . In the wake of the Civil War, the civil rights of former slaves were a hotly debated issue in the Union. Grant supported the Reconstruction plans of the Radical Republicans in Congress, which favored the 14th Amendment, with full citizenship and civil rights for freedmen, including suffrage (the right to vote) for former slaves. The Democratic platform denigrated such rights as "Negro supremacy," and demanded a restoration of states' rights, including the right of southern states to determine for themselves whether to allow suffrage for adult freedmen. The former Confederate States were determined to limit the civil rights of emancipated slaves, and supported the Democratic candidate. Republican Party nomination By 1868, the Republicans felt strong enough to drop the Union Party label, but wanted to nominate a popular hero as their presidential candidate. General Ulysses S. Grant, widely known throughout the nation for winning the Civil War, announced he was a Republican. Grant was unanimously nominated on the first ballot as the party's standard-bearer at the Republican convention in Chicago, held on May 20–21, 1868. House Speaker Schuyler Colfax , a Radical Republican from Indiana, was nominated for vice president on the sixth ballot, surpassing early favorite, Senator Benjamin Wade of Ohio. The Republican platform supported Black suffrage as part of the 14th Amendment's promise of full citizenship for former slaves. It opposed using greenbacks to redeem U.S. bonds, encouraged immigration, endorsed full rights for naturalized citizens, and favored Radical Reconstruction as distinct from the more lenient policies of President Andrew Johnson. [ 3 ] Democratic Party nomination Former Governor Horatio Seymour of New York Former Representative George H. Pendleton of Ohio Senator Thomas A. Hendricks of Indiana General Winfield Scott Hancock of Pennsylvania President Andrew Johnson of Tennessee Former Lieutenant Governor Sanford E. Church of New York Former Representative Asa Packer of Pennsylvania Governor James E. English of Connecticut Former Governor Joel Parker of New Jersey Senator James Rood Doolittle of Wisconsin Associate Justice Stephen J. Field of California Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase of Ohio The Democratic National Convention was held in New York City on July 4–9, 1868 and party leaders were badly divided with little else to agree on outside ending Reconstruction. Eastern Democrats called for war bonds to be redeemed in gold, although many of them had been purchased with badly depreciated greenbacks. Western Democrats on the other hand called for the "Ohio Idea"--redemption in greenbacks as indebted farmers considered that more money in circulation would make repayment of their debts easier. The Ohio Idea would become part of the Democratic Party platform, but would not be espoused by its candidate. The front-runner in the early balloting was George H. Pendleton (1864 Democratic vice presidential nominee), who led on the first 15 ballots, followed in varying order by President Johnson, Winfield Scott Hancock , Sanford Church , Asa Packer , Joel Parker , James E. English , James Rood Doolittle , and Thomas A. Hendricks . The unpopular Johnson, having narrowly survived impeachment, won 65 votes on the first ballot, less than one-third of the total necessary for nomination, and thus lost his bid for election as president in his own right. Meanwhile, convention chairman Horatio Seymour , former governor of New York, received nine votes on the fourth ballot from the state of North Carolina. This unexpected move caused "loud and enthusiastic cheering," but Seymour refused, saying, I must not be nominated by this Convention, as I could not accept the nomination if tendered. My own inclination prompted me to decline at the outset; my honor compels me to do so now. It is impossible, consistently with my position, to allow my name to be mentioned in this Convention against my protest. The clerk will proceed with the call. [ 4 ] By the seventh ballot Pendleton and Hendricks had emerged as the two front-runners, with Hancock the only other candidate with much support by this point. After numerous indecisive ballots, the names of John T. Hoffman , Francis P. Blair , and Stephen Johnson Field were placed in nomination, but none of these candidates gained substantial support. For 21 ballots, the opposing candidates battled it out: the East battling the West for control, the conservatives battling the radicals. Pendleton's support collapsed after the 15th ballot, but went to Hancock rather than Hendricks, leaving the convention still deadlocked. The two leading candidates were determined that the other should not receive the presidential nomination; because of the two-thirds rule of the convention, a compromise candidate was needed. Seymour still hoped it would be Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase , but on the 22nd ballot, the chairman of the Ohio delegation announced, "at the unanimous request and demand of the delegation I place Horatio Seymour in nomination with 21 votes—against his inclination, but no longer against his honor." Seymour had to wait for the rousing cheers to die down before he could address the delegates and decline. I have no terms in which to tell of my regret that my name has been brought before this convention. God knows that my life and all that I value most in life I would give for the good of my country, which I believe to be identified with that of the Democratic party … "Take the nomination, then!" cried someone from the floor. ... but when I said that I could not be a candidate, I mean it! I could not receive the nomination without placing not only myself but the Democratic party in a false position. God bless you for your kindness to me, but your candidate I cannot be. [ 5 ] Seymour left the platform to cool off and rest. No sooner had he left the hall than the Ohio chairman cried that his delegation would not accept Seymour's declination; Utah's chairman rose to say that Seymour was the man they had to have. While Seymour was waiting in the vestibule, the convention nominated him for president unanimously. Exhausted, the delegates unanimously nominated General Francis Preston Blair Jr. , for vice president on the first ballot after John A. McClernand , Augustus C. Dodge , and Thomas Ewing Jr. , withdrew their names from consideration. Blair's nomination reflected a desire to balance the ticket east and west as well as north and south. [ 6 ] Blair had worked hard for the Democratic vice presidential nomination and accepted second place on the ticket, finding himself in controversy. [ 7 ] He had gained attention for an inflammatory letter addressed to Colonel James O. Broadhead , dated a few days before the convention met, in which he wrote that the "real and only issue in this contest was the overthrow of Reconstruction, as the radical Republicans had forced it in the South." [ 8 ] General election The 1868 campaign of Horatio Seymour versus Ulysses S. Grant was conducted vigorously, being fought out largely on the question of how Reconstruction should be conducted. Seymour's campaign was marked by pronounced appeals to racism with repeated attempts to brand General Grant as the "Nigger" candidate and Seymour as the "White Man's" candidate. [ 9 ] Denouncing the Republicans' Reconstruction policy as allegedly subjecting the South "to military despotism and negro supremacy," Democrats campaigned on the motto, "This is a white man's country; let white men rule." [ 2 ] Grant's General Order No. 11 during the Civil War became a campaign issue. He apologized in a letter for the controversial order, stating "I have no prejudice against sect or race, but want each individual to be judged by his own merit. Order No. 11 does not sustain this statement, I admit, but then I do not sustain that order. It would never have been issued if it had not been telegraphed the moment it was penned and without reflection." In his army days he had traded at a local store operated by the Seligman brothers, two Jewish merchants who became Grant's lifelong friends. Grant took no part in the campaign and made no promises. The Republican campaign theme, "Let us have peace," was taken from his letter of acceptance. After four years of civil war, three years of wrangling over Reconstruction, and the attempted impeachment of a president, the nation craved the peace Grant pledged to achieve. Seymour answered none of the charges made against him, but made a few key speeches. Some newspapers exaggerated his faults. As governor, Seymour had sent troops to Gettysburg , but some press tried to portray him as disloyal to the Union. The New York Tribune led the cartoon campaign with the picture of Seymour standing on the steps of the City Hall calling a mob of New York draft rioters "my friends." The Hartford Post called him "almost as much of a corpse" as ex-President James Buchanan , who had just died. Additionally, Republicans alleged that insanity ran through the Seymour family, citing as evidence the suicide of his father. Blair went on a national speaking tour in which he framed the contest with Ulysses S. Grant and the pro-Reconstruction Republicans in stark racial terms, warning of the rule of "a semi-barbarous race of blacks who are worshipers of fetishes and poligamists " and wanted to "subject the white women to their unbridled lust." Republicans advised Americans not to vote for Seymour, as Blair might succeed him. [ 10 ] Blair had a reputation for outspokenness and his campaign speeches in 1868 attacked Radical Republicans. [ 11 ] Samuel J. Tilden , a member of the national committee, asked Blair to confine his campaigning to Missouri and Illinois for fear he "would hurt the ticket" because of his stance on Reconstruction. [ 12 ] Seymour, who had not taken an active role in the campaign to this point, went into the canvass, seeking to steer the campaign away from the harshness of Blair's attacks on Radical Reconstruction. Seymour emphasized his idea that change in the South should be accomplished at the state level, without national interference. The Democrats campaigned for immediate restoration of all states, the "regulation of the elective franchise in the states by their citizens", and amnesty for past political offenses, [ 13 ] while State civil authority should take precedence over military action. The president and the Supreme Court should be respected rather than attacked, as he claimed the Republicans had done. The Democrats would be careful to reorder national priorities. [ 14 ] As an Eastern "gold" Democrat, Seymour also rejected the Ohio Idea and thus lost the support of the party's Western contingent, which contributed to his ultimate defeat at the ballot box. [ 15 ] 31.7% of the voting age population and 80.9% of eligible voters participated in the election. [ 16 ] Horatio Seymour polled 2,708,744 votes and Grant 3,013,650. The closeness of the popular vote surprised the political elite at the time. [ 17 ] Republican Representative James G. Blaine called the slender popular majority for Grant "a very startling fact." [ 18 ] Normally an acute judge of popular sentiment, Blaine was at a loss to explain the size of the Democratic vote. [ 19 ] Ethnic Irish Catholic and other immigrants had been settling in New York City for nearly a quarter century. The narrow margins by which Seymour lost several of the northern states like Indiana, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania, and the effects of new black votes in the South provoked the suspicion that a majority of white men voted for Seymour. [ 20 ] Grant won every southern state except Georgia and Louisiana, where fraud and violence by the Ku Klux Klan and Knights of the White Camelia were so severe that it delivered Democratic majorities. Klan violence also led to a steep drop in Republican votes in areas of Tennessee, Alabama, and South Carolina. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Along the border, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware went overwhelmingly Democratic. In Kentucky, the result was influenced by hostility toward the Radical Reconstructionists , which had led to the state's first postwar government being almost entirely composed of former Confederates. [ 23 ] No Democratic presidential candidate before or since has attained a higher percentage of the vote in Kentucky [ 24 ] or Maryland, [ 25 ] where hostility toward black suffrage was very widespread. [ 26 ] As for Delaware, [ 27 ] only the Democratic tickets of Johnson / Humphrey in 1964 (which received the largest percentage of the popular vote since 1824 ) and Obama / Biden in 2008 (with the first Delawarean on a national ticket) carried the state with a larger percentage of the vote. Two border states , Missouri and West Virginia, both under Republican control, gave their electoral votes to Grant. [ 28 ] Seymour narrowly carried his home state of New York, but Blair, largely because of the Radicals' registry system, failed to carry Missouri. The Missouri Democrat exulted: "General Blair is beaten in his ward, his city, his county and his State." [ 29 ] In West Virginia, former Confederates were temporarily forbidden from voting or holding public office. About 15,000 to 25,000 white residents were disfranchised as a result. [ 30 ] Of the 1,708 counties making returns, Grant won 991 (58.02%) and Seymour 713 (41.74%). Four counties (0.23%) split evenly between Grant and Seymour. Hence the Democrats, even with all the burdens of the war, still carried only 278 fewer counties than the Republicans. That cemented a solid party comeback at the grassroots level that had begun in local elections in 1867. [ 31 ] 7% of counties in northern states voted for a different party from the 1864 election. [ 32 ] The 1868 election is the only election since the Civil War in which the two major party candidates won over 99.9% of the vote. [ 33 ] Out of a total of over 5.7 million votes, just 46 ballots were cast for anyone other than Grant and Seymour. [ 34 ] That was the last election in which the Republicans won Tennessee until 1920, the last in which the Democrats won Oregon until 1912, and the last in which the Republicans won Missouri until 1904. That Grant lost New York to Seymour by 10,000 votes was a source of shame and anger to Republicans. Seymour's victory in New York was made the subject of a federal investigation. On November 4, Horace Greeley spoke at the Union League Club . The ULC promptly petitioned Congress to look into the state vote. The petition was presented to the House of Representatives on December 14 and accepted by a vote of 134–35 (52 abstained). Speaker of the House Schuyler Colfax, the Republican candidate for vice president, appointed a committee of seven: five Republicans and two Democrats. The committee was most likely created because the Republicans could not lose New York without a protest. It reported to the House of Representatives on February 23, 1869. [ 35 ] The committee decided to take no action, and Seymour retained New York's 33 electoral votes. He was willing to return to the subject as long as he lived. [ 18 ] According to Seymour's biographer, Stewart Mitchell, the Republican Party claimed credit for saving the Union and was bound, bent, and determined to continue to rule it. [ 36 ] The margin of Grant's popular majority resulted largely from winning a high percentage of the half-million newly enfranchised men of color. [ 37 ] This strategy contrasted strongly with later years, when Republicans could not stop black disfranchisement in the former Confederate states, since they had many new and secure votes in new states in the Western United States . [ 38 ] Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. "1868 Presidential Election Results" . Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved July 27, 2005 . Source (Electoral Vote): "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996" . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 31, 2005 . (a) Mississippi , Texas , and Virginia did not participate in the election of 1868 due to Reconstruction. In Florida , the state legislature cast its electoral vote for Grant by a vote of 40 to 9. Geography of results Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote Cartographic gallery Map of presidential election results by county Map of Republican presidential election results by county Map of Democratic presidential election results by county Map of "other" presidential election results by county Cartogram of presidential election results by county Cartogram of Republican presidential election results by county Cartogram of Democratic presidential election results by county Cartogram of "other" presidential election results by county Results by state Source: Data from Walter Dean Burnham , Presidential ballots, 1836–1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247–57. [ 39 ] States that flipped from Republican to Democratic Red font color denotes states won by Republican Ulysses S. Grant; blue denotes those won by Democrat Horatio Seymour. States where the margin of victory was under 1% (8 electoral votes) California 0.48% (520 votes) Oregon 0.74% (164 votes) States where the margin of victory was under 5% (93 electoral votes) New York 1.18% (9,995 votes) New Jersey 1.76% (2,870 votes) Alabama 2.50% (3,746 votes) Indiana 2.79% (9,572 votes) Connecticut 2.98% (2,944 votes) Pennsylvania 4.41% (28,898 votes) States where the margin of victory was under 10% (35 electoral votes) North Carolina 6.82% (12,380 votes) (tipping point state for a Grant victory) Arkansas 7.37% (3,034 votes) (tipping point state for a Seymour victory) Ohio 8.01% (41,546 votes) Counties with highest percent of vote (Republican) Hancock County, Tennessee 100.00% Monona County, Iowa 100.00% Ottawa County, Kansas 100.00% Jefferson County, Nebraska 100.00% McDowell County, West Virginia 100.00% Counties with highest percent of vote (Democratic) St. Landry Parish, Louisiana 100.00% Lafayette Parish, Louisiana 100.00% Jackson Parish, Louisiana 100.00% De Soto Parish, Louisiana 100.00% Franklin Parish, Louisiana 100.00% Counties with highest percent of vote (Other) DeKalb County, Alabama 0.70% Sullivan County, New Hampshire 0.11% Strafford County, New Hampshire 0.09% Carroll County, New Hampshire 0.02% American election campaigns in the 19th century First inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant History of the United States (1865–1918) History of the United States Democratic Party History of the United States Republican Party Reconstruction era Third Party System 1868–1869 United States House of Representatives elections 1868–1869 United States Senate elections ↑ "National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789–Present" . United States Election Project . CQ Press . 1 2 Tali Mendelberg (2001), The Race Card: Campaign Strategy, Implicit Messages, and the Norm of Equality , Princeton University Press, pg. 45–46 ↑ William DeGregorio, The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents , Gramercy, 1997 ↑ Irving Stone (1943), They Also Ran: The Story of the Men Who Were Defeated for the Presidency , Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Doran, pg. 280 ↑ Official proceedings of the National Democratic convention, held at New York, July 4–9, 1868 (Pg. 153) ↑ William E. Parrish (1998), Frank Blair: Lincoln's Conservative, Missouri Biography Series, University of Missouri Press, pg. 254 ↑ Frank Blair: Lincoln's Conservative, William E. Parrish, pg. 260 ↑ Stewart Mitchell, Horatio Seymour of New York, Harvard University Press, 1938, p. 448 ↑ NY Public Library, Schomberg Collection, badge produced in 1868, digitized 2013 ↑ Stewart Mitchell, Horatio Seymour of New York, Harvard University Press, 1938, pg. 23 ↑ Mitchell (1938), Horatio Seymour , pp. 448–449 ↑ William E. Parrish, Frank Blair: Lincoln's Conservative, p. 255–256 ↑ Henry, Robert Selph; The Story of Reconstruction ; p. 330-332 ISBN 9781568522548 ↑ William E. Parrish, Frank Blair: Lincoln's Conservative, pg. 258–259 ↑ "Madison Wisconsin State Journal Archives, Oct 31, 1868, p. 1" . 1868. ↑ Abramson, Aldrich & Rohde 1995 , p. 99. ↑ Irving Stone (1943), They Also Ran, pg. 282 1 2 Stewart Mitchell, Horatio Seymour of New York, pg. 483 ↑ Mitchell, Horatio Seymour of New York, pg. 443 ↑ Mitchell, Horatio Seymour of New York, pg. 474 ↑ Leonard, Elizabeth D.; Lincoln's Avengers: Justice, Revenge and Reunion after the Civil War , p. 286 ISBN 0393048683 ↑ Foner, Eric (1988). Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution 1863-1876 (Perennial Library ed.). Cambridge: Harper and Row. pp. 342– 343. ISBN 0-06-015851-4 . ↑ Henry; The Story of Reconstruction , pp. 250–253 ↑ Counting the Votes; Kentucky Archived November 20, 2017, at the Wayback Machine ↑ Counting the Votes; Maryland Archived November 7, 2017, at the Wayback Machine ↑ Bergeron, Paul H.; Andrew Johnson's Civil War and Reconstruction ; pp. 105–111 ISBN 1572337486 ↑ Counting the Votes; Delaware Archived November 11, 2017, at the Wayback Machine ↑ Henry; The Story of Reconstruction ; p. ↑ Frank Blair: Lincoln's Conservative, William E. Parrish, pg. 259–260 ↑ "A Brief History of African Americans in West Virginia," West Virginia Culture "African-Americans in West Virginia" . Archived from the original on December 31, 2013 . Retrieved December 7, 2015 . ↑ Bergeron; Andrew Johnson's Civil War and Reconstruction ; pp. 175–177 ↑ Abbott 1986 , p. 202. ↑ Kondik, Kyle; Coleman, J. Miles (November 12, 2020). "Notes on the State of the 2020 Election" . University of Virginia. ↑ "1868 Presidential General Election Results" . Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . ↑ Horatio Seymour of New York, Stewart Mitchell, pg. 474–475 ↑ Horatio Seymour of New York, Stewart Mitchell, pg. 484 ↑ Henry, The Story of Reconstruction ; pp. 345–346 ↑ Valelly, Richard M.; The Two Reconstructions: The Struggle for Black Enfranchisement University of Chicago Press, 2009, pp. 134–139 ISBN 9780226845302 ↑ "1868 Presidential General Election Data – National" . Retrieved May 7, 2013 . ↑ Due to the status of Reconstruction, no election was held; the three electoral votes were allocated by the Florida State Legislature to Grant. Abbott, Richard (1986). The Republican Party and the South, 1855–1877: The First Southern Strategy . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0807816809 . Abramson, Paul; Aldrich, John; Rohde, David (1995). Change and Continuity in the 1992 Elections . CQ Press . ISBN 0871878399 . American Annual Cyclopedia ... 1868 (1869), online , highly detailed compendium of facts and primary sources Coleman, Charles Hubert. The election of 1868 : the Democratic effort to regain control (1933) online Gambill, Edward. Conservative Ordeal: Northern Democrats and Reconstruction, 1865–1868. (Iowa State University Press: 1981). Henry, Robert Selph. The Story of Reconstruction (1938) Prymak, Andrew. "The 1868 and 1872 Elections," in Edward O. Frantz, ed. A Companion to the Reconstruction Presidents 1865–1881 (Wiley Blackwell Companions to American History) (2014) pp 235–56 online Rhodes, James G. History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896. Volume: 6. (1920). 1865–72; detailed narrative history Simpson, Brooks D. Let Us Have Peace: Ulysses S. Grant and the Politics of War and Reconstruction, 1861–1868 (1991). Summers, Mark Wahlgren. The Press Gang: Newspapers and Politics, 1865–1878 (1994) Summers, Mark Wahlgren. The Era of Good Stealings (1993), covers corruption 1868–1877 Primary sources Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) pp 86–89 online Official proceedings of the National Democratic convention, held at New York, July 4–9, 1868 Edward McPherson. The Political History of the United States of America During the Period of Reconstruction (1875) large collection of speeches and primary documents, 1865–1870, complete text online.[The copyright has expired.] Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840–1964 (1965) online 1840–1956 Presidential Election of 1868: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress 1868 popular vote by counties 1868 State-by-state Popular vote Archived May 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Election of 1868 in Counting the Votes Archived October 6, 2017, at the Wayback Machine "Grant-ed" Words by Mary A. Kidder, 1868, music by Susan M. Parkhurst. "The White Man's Banner" Words by Mark F. Bigney, 1868, music by Theodor von La Hach. President: Ulysses S. Grant Vice President: Schuyler Colfax For Vice President: Benjamin Wade Andrew Gregg Curtin Hannibal Hamlin William D. Kelley Samuel C. Pomeroy President: Horatio Seymour Vice President: Francis Preston Blair Jr. George H. Pendleton Thomas A. Hendricks Winfield Scott Hancock Andrew Johnson (incumbent) Sanford E. Church James E. English James R. Doolittle Stephen Johnson Field Francis Preston Blair Jr. Salmon P. Chase John T. Hoffman Other 1868 elections : House District of Columbia New Hampshire presidential primary Nevada presidential caucuses South Carolina presidential primary List of nominating conventions Brokered convention Convention bounce Keynote speakers Speeches by spouses of nominees Results summary elections in which the winner lost the popular vote Electoral College margins Electoral College results by state electoral vote changes between elections electoral vote recipients popular votes received popular-vote margins elections in which the winner lost the popular vote Electoral College margins Electoral College results by state electoral vote changes between elections electoral vote recipients popular votes received popular-vote margins Electoral Count Act Certificate of ascertainment Certificate of vote Contingent election Faithless elector Unpledged elector Campaign slogans Election recount ( 2000 ) Historical election polling Major party tickets Major party losers Presidential debates Presidential straw polls Guam Puerto Rico October surprise Red states and blue states Tipping-point state Vice presidential confirmations 1973 1974 House elections Senate elections Gubernatorial elections Grant and the American Civil War Fort Donelson Shiloh Vicksburg Chattanooga Overland Richmond–Petersburg Appomattox Richmond–Petersburg Commanding generalship First inauguration Second inauguration Scandals Grantism Judicial appointments State of the Union addresses 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 Treaty of Washington Alabama Claims Korean Expedition Proposed United States annexation of Santo Domingo Public Credit Act of 1869 Copyright Act of 1870 Currency Act of 1870 Funding Act of 1870 General Mining Act of 1872 Timber Culture Act Specie Payment Resumption Act Desert Land Act Judiciary Act of 1869 U.S. Department of Justice District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871 Civil Service Commission Yellowstone National Park Protection Act Yellowstone National Park Yellowstone National Park Post Office Consolidation Act Jurisdiction and Removal Act of 1875 Electoral Commission Act Reconstruction Amnesty Act Native American policy "Peace Policy" Modoc War Great Sioux War Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 Great Sioux War Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 Enforcement Acts Enforcement Act of 1870 Second Enforcement Act Ku Klux Klan Act Enforcement Act of 1870 Second Enforcement Act Ku Klux Klan Act Naturalization Act of 1870 Civil Rights Act of 1875 Page Act of 1875 Bid for a third term Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant White Haven home farm Ulysses S. Grant Cottage Horsemanship speeding arrests speeding arrests Death and state funeral Grant's Tomb 1868 convention election 1872 convention election Presidential library General Grant ship General Grant Tree grove Grant Cottage State Historic Site The Peacemakers U.S. Capitol statue Brooklyn relief Ohio Statehouse statue Philadelphia statue

San Francisco bust U.S. Postage stamps Currency $5 bill $50 bill 1922 Grant Memorial coinage 1922 Grant Memorial coinage Grant High School Mount Grant (Nevada) Mount Grant (Vermont) U.S. Grant Hotel Ulysses S. Grant (2002 documentary) Lincoln (2012 film) Grant (2020 miniseries) Hannah Simpson Grant (mother) Jesse Root Grant (father) Julia Grant (wife) Frederick Dent Grant (son) Ulysses S. Grant Jr. (son) Jesse Root Grant II (son) Nellie Grant (daughter) Ulysses S. Grant III (grandson) Chapman Grant (grandson) Ulysses S. Grant IV (grandson) Julia Dent Grant (granddaughter) ← Andrew Johnson Rutherford B. Hayes → Presidents Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson Ulysses S. Grant Rutherford B. Hayes Abraham Lincoln Ulysses S. Grant Rutherford B. Hayes Congress 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Radical Republicans Moderate Republicans Conservative Republicans African-American senators African-American representatives Reconstruction Amendments United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction Radical Republicans Moderate Republicans Conservative Republicans African-American senators African-American representatives Reconstruction Amendments United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction Federal judiciary Taney Court Chase Court Waite Court Federal bureaucracy Edwin Stanton Freedmen's Bureau Justice Department Freedmen's Bureau Justice Department Southern United States Confederate States of America African Americans Free people of color Freedman Politicians Free people of color Democratic Party Bourbon Democrat Horatio Seymour Samuel J. Tilden Bourbon Democrat Horatio Seymour Samuel J. Tilden Republican Party Stalwarts Charles Sumner Thaddeus Stevens Lyman Trumbull Benjamin Wade John Bingham James Mitchell Ashley Thaddeus Stevens James Mitchell Ashley Freedman's Savings Bank Women during the Reconstruction era 1864 DNC National Union Convention Radical Democratic Party National Union Convention Radical Democratic Party 1872 DNC RNC Liberal Republican Party Straight-Out Democratic Party Victoria Woodhull Liberal Republican Party Straight-Out Democratic Party Victoria Woodhull 1876 DNC RNC Greenback Convention Prohibition Convention Electoral Commission Compromise of 1877 Greenback Convention Prohibition Convention Electoral Commission Compromise of 1877 1863 Alabama California Connecticut Kentucky Massachusetts Minnesota New Hampshire Ohio Pennsylvania Virginia Vermont Wisconsin West Virginia 1864 Connecticut Illinois Indiana Louisiana Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Missouri New Hampshire Vermont West Virginia 1865 Connecticut Florida Louisiana Massachusetts Minnesota New Jersey Ohio South Carolina Vermont Wisconsin 1866 Connecticut Delaware Massachusetts Maine Michigan North Carolina Oregon Pennsylvania Texas Vermont West Virginia 1867 California Connecticut Kentucky Massachusetts Maryland Maine Minnesota Ohio Vermont Wisconsin 1868 Alabama Connecticut Florida Illinois Indiana Kentucky (special) Louisiana Massachusetts Maine Michigan Missouri North Carolina New Jersey South Carolina Vermont West Virginia Kentucky (special) 1869 Connecticut Iowa Massachusetts Maine Minnesota Mississippi Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Virginia Vermont Wisconsin 1870 Alabama Connecticut Delaware Massachusetts Maine Michigan Missouri Oregon Rhode Island South Carolina Vermont West Virginia 1871 California Connecticut Iowa Kentucky Massachusetts Maryland Maine Minnesota New Jersey Ohio Rhode Island Wisconsin 1872 Alabama Connecticut Florida Illinois Indiana Louisiana Massachusetts Maine Michigan Missouri North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Vermont West Virginia 1873 Connecticut Iowa Massachusetts Maine Minnesota Mississippi Ohio Texas Virginia Wisconsin 1874 Alabama Connecticut Delaware Kansas Massachusetts Maine Michigan Missouri New Jersey Nevada Oregon South Carolina Vermont 1875 California Connecticut Iowa Kentucky Massachusetts Maryland Maine Minnesota Ohio Ohio Wisconsin 1876 Alabama Colorado Connecticut April Connecticut November Florida Illinois Indiana Kansas Louisiana Massachusetts Maine Michigan Missouri North Carolina Rhode Island South Carolina Vermont West Virginia Connecticut April Connecticut November American Indian Wars Slavery in the United States A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women (1838) Woman in the Nineteenth Century (1839) Seneca Falls Convention (1848) National Women's Rights Convention (1850) American Civil War Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act (1862) Militia Act of 1862 Emancipation Proclamation General Order No. 143 Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction Ten percent plan National Bank Act Women's Loyal National League New York City draft riots 1863 State of the Union Address Wade–Davis Bill 1864 State of the Union Address Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln Address Special Field Orders No. 15 Freedmen's Bureau Freedmen's Bureau bills Freedmen's Bureau bills Confederates surrender at Appomattox Assassination of Abraham Lincoln Shaw University 1865 State of the Union Address Founding of the Ku Klux Klan Civil Rights Act of 1866 Memphis massacre of 1866 New Orleans Massacre of 1866 Swing Around the Circle Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866 Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866 Tennessee readmitted to Union Petition for Universal Freedom National Labor Union Ex parte Garland Ex parte Milligan Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866 Tenure of Office Act Command of Army Act Indian Peace Commission Knights of the White Camelia Reconstruction Acts Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction military districts Constitutional conventions of 1867 Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Peonage Act of 1867 First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson 1867 State of the Union Address Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Timeline Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson Impeachment managers investigation Articles of impeachment Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson Impeachment managers investigation Articles of impeachment Arkansas readmitted to Union Florida readmitted to Union North Carolina readmitted to Union South Carolina readmitted to Union Louisiana readmitted to Union Alabama readmitted to Union Opelousas massacre Fourth Reconstruction Act Georgia v. Stanton 1868 State of the Union Address National Woman Suffrage Association American Woman Suffrage Association Proposed United States annexation of Santo Domingo Board of Indian Commissioners Public Credit Act of 1869 Black Friday (1869) Ex parte McCardle First transcontinental railroad 1869 State of the Union Address Enforcement Act of 1870 Justice Department Naturalization Act of 1870 Kirk–Holden war 1870 State of the Union Address Ku Klux Klan hearings Second Enforcement Act Ku Klux Klan Act Alcorn State University Meridian race riot of 1871 Treaty of Washington New York custom house ring Civil service commission United States expedition to Korea 1871 State of the Union Address General Mining Act of 1872 Crédit Mobilier scandal Star Route scandal Salary Grab Act 1872 State of the Union Address Colfax massacre Timber Culture Act Slaughter-House Cases Virginius Affair Coinage Act of 1873 Long Depression 1873 State of the Union Address Brooks–Baxter War Battle of Liberty Place Coushatta massacre Timber Culture Act Election Massacre of 1874 Vicksburg massacre Black Hills Gold Rush Sanborn incident Anti-Moiety Acts 1874 State of the Union Address United States v. Cruikshank Civil Rights Act of 1875 Mississippi Plan Clifton Riot of 1875 Yazoo City Riot of 1875 Specie Payment Resumption Act Wheeler Compromise 1875 State of the Union Address Hamburg massacre South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876 Ellenton massacre Great Sioux War of 1876 Battle of the Little Bighorn United States v. Reese Trader post scandal Centennial Exposition Safe burglary conspiracy 1876 State of the Union Address Electoral Commission Compromise of 1877 Desert Land Act Great Railroad Strike of 1877 Posse Comitatus Act (1878) Civil Rights Cases (1883) United States v. Harris (1883) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Williams v. Mississippi (1898) Wilmington massacre Giles v. Harris (1903) Disenfranchisement Bibliography of the Reconstruction era James Shepherd Pike The Prostrate State (1874) The American Commonwealth (1888) Claude G. Bowers The Tragic Era (1929) Columbia University Walter L. Fleming Dunning School William Archibald Dunning William Archibald Dunning Charles A. Beard Howard K. Beale W. E. B. Du Bois Black Reconstruction in America (1935) C. Vann Woodward Joel Williamson William R. Brock The American Crisis (1963) John Hope Franklin From Slavery to Freedom (1947) After Slavery (1965) Been in the Storm So Long (1979) Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (1988) Kenneth M. Stampp A Nation Under Our Feet (2003) The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution (2019) A Visit from the Old Mistress (1876) Thomas Dixon Jr. The Leopard's Spots (1902) The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan (1905) The Birth of a Nation (1915) United Daughters of the Confederacy Gone with the Wind (1939) David W. Blight Race and Reunion (2001) Women's suffrage in the United States Labor history of the United States Civil rights movement American frontier African American founding fathers of the United States Forty acres and a mule History of the United States (1865–1917) Race (human categorization) Reconstruction Treaties Technological and industrial history of the United States White supremacy 1868 United States presidential election Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant Schuyler Colfax November 1868 in the United States Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use mdy dates from November 2013 Use American English from February 2023 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Elections using electoral votes Webarchive template wayback links Pages using bar box without float left or float right Commons category link from Wikidata