Barack Obama Sr. (father) Ann Dunham (mother) Columbia University ( BA ) Harvard University ( JD ) Official website Obama Foundation Presidential library White House Archives Early life and career Publications Dreams from My Father The Audacity of Hope A Promised Land Dreams from My Father The Audacity of Hope A Promised Land Summer playlist Non-profit organizations Obama Foundation One America Appeal Obama Foundation One America Appeal Illinois State Senate tenure 2004 DNC keynote address U.S. Senate tenure 2004 election sponsored bills sponsored bills Presidency timeline Inaugurations first second Efforts to impeach Presidential library Trips international Russia nuclear treaty Nobel Peace Prize Affordable Care Act Iraq withdrawal Killing of Osama bin Laden 2011 debt-ceiling crisis Libya intervention Afghanistan withdrawal Benghazi attack 2013 debt-ceiling crisis Anti-ISIL campaign Iraq Syria Tan suit controversy Iran nuclear deal Sanctions against Russia Selma 50th anniversary speech Paris Agreement Foreign Arctic Europe East Asia Middle East South Asia Obama Doctrine Judiciary Sotomayor Kagan Garland Supreme Court candidates Supreme Court candidates 2008 election primaries convention debates Obama coalition Obama coalition 2012 election primaries convention debates Barack Hussein Obama II [ a ] (born August 4, 1961) is an American former politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party , he was the first African American to serve as president. Obama represented Illinois in the United States Senate from 2005 to 2008 and served as an Illinois state senator from 1997 to 2004. Born in Honolulu , Obama graduated from Columbia University in 1983 and later worked as a community organizer in Chicago . In 1988, Obama enrolled at Harvard Law School , where he was the first Black president of the Harvard Law Review . He became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teaching constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. In 1996, Obama was elected to represent the 13th district in the Illinois Senate . In 2000, Obama ran for Illinois's 1st congressional district , but came in second to the incumbent Representative, Bobby Rush . Following his loss in the House race, he kept his position he held in the State Senate until 2004, when he successfully ran for the U.S. Senate . In the 2008 presidential election , after a close primary campaign against Hillary Clinton , he was nominated by the Democratic Party for president. Obama selected Joe Biden as his running mate and defeated Republican nominee John McCain and his running mate Sarah Palin . Obama was awarded the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize for efforts in international diplomacy, a decision that drew both praise and criticism. During his first term, his administration responded to the 2008 financial crisis with measures including the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 to address the Great Recession ; a partial extension of the Bush tax cuts ; legislation to reform health care ; and the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act , a major financial regulation reform bill. Obama also appointed Supreme Court justices Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan , the former being the first Hispanic American on the Supreme Court. Obama also oversaw the end of the Iraq War and ordered Operation Neptune Spear , the raid that killed Osama bin Laden , who was the leader of al-Qaeda and was responsible for the September 11 attacks . He downplayed Bush's counterinsurgency model by expanding air strikes and making extensive use of special forces, while encouraging greater reliance on host-government militaries. Obama also ordered the 2011 military intervention in Libya to implement United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 , which contributed to the overthrow of Muammar Gaddafi . Obama defeated Republican opponent Mitt Romney and his running mate Paul Ryan in the 2012 presidential election . In his second term, Obama advocated for gun control in the wake of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting , took steps to combat climate change by signing the Paris Agreement on climate change and an executive order to limit carbon emissions , and presided over the implementation of the Affordable Care Act and other legislation passed during his first term. Obama also initiated sanctions against Russia following its invasion in Ukraine and again after Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. elections . He ordered military intervention in Iraq after gains made by ISIL following the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, negotiated the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (a nuclear agreement with Iran), and normalized relations with Cuba . The number of American soldiers in Afghanistan decreased during Obama's second term , though U.S. soldiers remained in the country throughout his presidency. He also promoted inclusion for LGBTQ Americans , becoming the first sitting U.S. president to publicly support same-sex marriage . Obama left office in 2017. He remains politically active, campaigning for candidates in American elections, including in Biden's successful presidential bid in the 2020 presidential election . Outside politics, Obama has published three books : Dreams from My Father (1995) , The Audacity of Hope (2006), and A Promised Land (2020). His presidential center , on the South Side of Chicago , opened in June 2026. Historians and political scientists rank Obama highly in historical rankings of U.S. presidents . As of 2026 , he is the youngest-living former U.S. president . Early life and career Barack Hussein Obama II was born on August 4, 1961, [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] at Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children in Honolulu, Hawaii. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] He is the only president born outside the contiguous United States . [ 10 ] He was born to an 18-year-old American mother and a 27-year-old Kenyan father. His mother, Ann Dunham (1942–1995), was born in Wichita, Kansas , and was of English, Welsh, German, Swiss, and Irish descent. In 2007 it was discovered her great-great-grandfather Falmouth Kearney emigrated from the village of Moneygall , Ireland to the U.S. in 1850. [ 11 ] In July 2012, Ancestry.com found a strong likelihood that Dunham was descended from John Punch , an enslaved African man who lived in the Colony of Virginia during the seventeenth century. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Obama has described the ancestors of his grandparents as Scotch-Irish mostly. [ 15 ] Obama's father, Barack Hussein Obama (1934–1982), [ 16 ] was a married [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Luo Kenyan from Nyang'oma Kogelo . [ 17 ] [ 20 ] His last name, Obama, was derived from his Luo descent. [ 21 ] Obama's parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa , where his father was a foreign student on a scholarship. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] The couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii , on February 2, 1961, six months before Obama was born. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] In late August 1961, a few weeks after he was born, Barack and his mother moved to the University of Washington in Seattle , where they lived for a year. During that time, Barack's father completed his undergraduate degree in economics in Hawaii, graduating in June 1962. He left to attend graduate school on a scholarship at Harvard University , where he earned a Master of Arts in economics. Obama's parents divorced in March 1964. [ 26 ] Obama Sr. returned to Kenya in 1964, where he married for a third time and worked for the Kenyan government as the senior economic analyst in the Ministry of Finance. [ 27 ] [ page needed ] He visited his son in Hawaii only once, at Christmas 1971, [ 28 ] before he was killed in an automobile accident in 1982, when Obama was 21 years old. [ 29 ] Recalling his early childhood, Obama said: "That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind." [ 23 ] He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage. [ 30 ] In 1963, Dunham met Lolo Soetoro at the University of Hawaiʻi ; he was an Indonesian East–West Center graduate student in geography. The couple married on Molokai on March 15, 1965. [ 31 ] After two one-year extensions of his J-1 visa , Lolo returned to Indonesia in 1966. His wife and stepson followed sixteen months later in 1967. The family initially lived in the Menteng Dalam neighborhood in the Tebet district of South Jakarta . From 1970, they lived in a wealthier neighborhood in the Menteng district of Central Jakarta . [ 32 ] When he was six years old, Obama and his mother moved to Indonesia to join his stepfather. From age six to ten, he was registered in school as "Barry" [ 33 ] and attended local Indonesian-language schools: Sekolah Dasar Katolik Santo Fransiskus Asisi (St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Elementary School) for two years and Sekolah Dasar Negeri Menteng 01 (State Elementary School Menteng 01) for one and a half years, supplemented by English-language Calvert School homeschooling by his mother. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] As a result of his four years in Jakarta , he was able to speak Indonesian fluently as a child. [ 36 ] During his time in Indonesia, Obama's stepfather taught him to be resilient and gave him "a pretty hardheaded assessment of how the world works". [ 37 ] In 1971, Obama returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents, Madelyn and Stanley Dunham . He attended Punahou School —a private college preparatory school —with the aid of a scholarship from fifth grade until he graduated from high school in 1979. [ 38 ] In high school, Obama continued to use the nickname "Barry" which he kept until making a visit to Kenya in 1980. [ 39 ] Obama lived with his mother and half-sister, Maya Soetoro , in Hawaii for three years from 1972 to 1975 while his mother was a graduate student in anthropology at the University of Hawaii. [ 40 ] Obama chose to stay in Hawaii when his mother and half-sister returned to Indonesia in 1975, so his mother could begin anthropology field work. [ 41 ] His mother spent most of the next two decades in Indonesia, divorcing Lolo Soetoro in 1980 and earning a PhD degree in 1992, before dying in 1995 in Hawaii following unsuccessful treatment for ovarian and uterine cancer . [ 42 ] Of his years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: "The opportunity that Hawaii offered — to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect — became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear." [ 43 ] Obama has also written and talked about using alcohol , marijuana , and cocaine during his teenage years to "push questions of who I was out of my mind". [ 44 ] Obama was also a member of the "Choom Gang" (the slang term for smoking marijuana), a self-named group of friends who spent time together and smoked marijuana. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] College and research jobs After graduating from high school in 1979, Obama moved to Los Angeles to attend Occidental College on a full scholarship. In February 1981, Obama made his first public speech, calling for Occidental to participate in the disinvestment from South Africa in response to that nation's policy of apartheid . [ 47 ] In mid-1981, Obama traveled to Indonesia to visit his mother and half-sister Maya and visited the families of college friends in Pakistan for three weeks. [ 47 ] Later in 1981, he transferred to Columbia University in New York City as a junior , where he majored in political science with a specialty in international relations [ 48 ] and in English literature [ 49 ] and lived off-campus on West 109th Street. [ 50 ] He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1983 and a 3.7 GPA . After graduating, Obama worked for about a year at the Business International Corporation , where he was a financial researcher and writer, [ 51 ] [ 52 ] then as a project coordinator for the New York Public Interest Research Group on the City College of New York campus for three months in 1985. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ] Community organizer and Harvard Law School Two years after graduating from Columbia, Obama moved from New York to Chicago when he was hired as director of the Developing Communities Project , a faith-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in Roseland , West Pullman , and Riverdale on Chicago's South Side . He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988. [ 54 ] [ 57 ] He helped set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in Altgeld Gardens . [ 58 ] Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation , a community organizing institute. [ 59 ] In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time in Europe for three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of his paternal relatives for the first time. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] Despite being offered a full scholarship to Northwestern University School of Law , Obama enrolled at Harvard Law School in the fall of 1988, living in nearby Somerville, Massachusetts . [ 62 ] He was selected as an editor of the Harvard Law Review at the end of his first year, [ 63 ] president of the journal in his second year, [ 58 ] [ 64 ] and research assistant to the constitutional scholar Laurence Tribe while at Harvard. [ 65 ] During his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as a summer associate at the law firms of Sidley Austin in 1989 and Hopkins & Sutter in 1990. [ 66 ] Obama's election as the first black president of the Harvard Law Review gained national media attention [ 58 ] [ 64 ] and led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations, [ 67 ] which evolved into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 as Dreams from My Father . [ 67 ] Obama graduated from Harvard Law in 1991 with a Juris Doctor magna cum laude . [ 68 ] [ 63 ] University of Chicago Law School In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at the University of Chicago Law School to work on his first book. [ 67 ] [ 69 ] He then taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years, first as a lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and then as a senior lecturer from 1996 to 2004. [ 70 ] From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois's Project Vote , a voter registration campaign with ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, leading Crain's Chicago Business to name Obama to its 1993 list of "40 under Forty" powers to be. [ 71 ] Family and personal life In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity of his extended family : "It's like a little mini-United Nations," he said. "I've got relatives who look like Bernie Mac , and I've got relatives who look like Margaret Thatcher ." [ 72 ] Obama has a half-sister with whom he was raised (Maya Soetoro-Ng) and seven other half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family. [ 73 ] Obama's mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, Madelyn Dunham, [ 74 ] until her death on November 2, 2008, [ 75 ] two days before his election to the presidency. Obama also has roots in Ireland; he met with his Irish cousins in Moneygall in May 2011. [ 76 ] In Dreams from My Father , Obama ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives of Jefferson Davis , President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War . He also shares distant ancestors in common with George W. Bush and Dick Cheney , among others. [ 77 ] [ 78 ] [ 79 ] While studying in California, Obama met Alexandra McNear. The pair wrote letters to each other while in a long-distance relationship between 1982 and 1984. The letters were acquired by Emory University's Rose Library in 2014 and made public in 2017. Obama wrote of his sense of isolation: [ 80 ] Caught without a class, a structure, or a tradition to support me, in a sense the choice to take a different path is made for me... The only way to assuage my feelings of isolation are to absorb all the traditions, classes, make them mine, me theirs. In one of his letters Obama described homosexuality as "an attempt to remove oneself from the present, a refusal perhaps to perpetuate the endless farce of earthly life". Describing his own mind as "androgynous", he wrote "I make love to men daily, but in the imagination." [ 81 ] Obama lived with anthropologist Sheila Miyoshi Jager while he was a community organizer in Chicago in the 1980s. [ 82 ] He proposed to her twice, but both Jager and her parents turned him down. [ 82 ] [ 83 ] The relationship was not made public until May 2017, several months after his presidency had ended. [ 83 ] In June 1989, Obama met Michelle Robinson when he was employed at Sidley Austin . [ 84 ] Robinson was assigned for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, and she joined him at several group social functions but declined his initial requests to date. [ 85 ] They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992. [ 86 ] After suffering a miscarriage, Michelle underwent in vitro fertilization to conceive their children. [ 87 ] The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998, [ 88 ] followed by a second daughter, Natasha ("Sasha"), in 2001. [ 89 ] The Obama daughters attended the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools . When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at the Sidwell Friends School . [ 90 ] The Obamas had two Portuguese Water Dogs ; the first, a male named Bo , was a gift from Senator Ted Kennedy . [ 91 ] In 2013, Bo was joined by Sunny , a female. [ 92 ] Bo died of cancer on May 8, 2021. [ 93 ] Obama is a supporter of the Chicago White Sox , and he threw out the first pitch at the 2005 ALCS when he was still a senator. [ 94 ] In 2009, he threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the All-Star Game while wearing a White Sox jacket. [ 95 ] He is also primarily a Chicago Bears football fan in the NFL , but in his childhood and adolescence was a fan of the Pittsburgh Steelers and rooted for them ahead of their victory in Super Bowl XLIII 12 days after he took office as president. [ 96 ] In 2011, Obama invited the 1985 Chicago Bears to the White House; the team had not visited the White House after their Super Bowl win in 1986 due to the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster . [ 97 ] He plays basketball , a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team, [ 98 ] and he is left-handed. [ 99 ] In 2005, the Obama family applied the proceeds of a book deal and moved from a Hyde Park, Chicago condominium to a $1.6 million house (equivalent to $ 2.6 million in 2025 ) in neighboring Kenwood, Chicago . [ 100 ] The purchase of an adjacent lot—and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friend Tony Rezko —attracted media attention because of Rezko's subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to Obama. [ 101 ] In December 2007, Money Magazine estimated Obama's net worth at $1.3 million (equivalent to $ 2 million in 2025 ). [ 102 ] Their 2009 tax return showed a household income of $5.5 million—up from about $4.2 million in 2007 and $1.6 million in 2005—mostly from sales of his books. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] On his 2010 income of $1.7 million, he gave 14 percent to non-profit organizations, including $131,000 to Fisher House Foundation , a charity assisting wounded veterans' families, allowing them to reside near where the veteran is receiving medical treatments. [ 105 ] [ 106 ] Per his 2012 financial disclosure, Obama may be worth as much as $10 million. [ 107 ] Religious views Obama is a Protestant Christian whose religious views developed in his adult life. [ 108 ] He wrote in The Audacity of Hope that he "was not raised in a religious household." He described his mother, raised by non-religious parents, as being detached from religion, yet "in many ways the most spiritually awakened person ... I have ever known", and "a lonely witness for secular humanism ." He described his father as a "confirmed atheist " by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as "a man who saw religion as not particularly useful." Obama explained how, through working with black churches as a community organizer while in his twenties, he came to understand "the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change." [ 109 ] In January 2008, Obama told Christianity Today : "I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in the redemptive death and resurrection of Jesus Christ . I believe that faith gives me a path to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life." [ 110 ] On September 27, 2010, Obama released a statement commenting on his religious views, saying: I'm a Christian by choice. My family didn't—frankly, they weren't folks who went to church every week. And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew, but she didn't raise me in the church. So I came to my Christian faith later in life, and it was because the precepts of Jesus Christ spoke to me in terms of the kind of life that I would want to lead—being my brothers' and sisters' keeper, treating others as they would treat me . [ 111 ] [ 112 ] Obama met Trinity United Church of Christ pastor Jeremiah Wright in October 1987 and became a member of Trinity in 1992. [ 113 ] During Obama's first presidential campaign in May 2008, he resigned from Trinity after some of Wright's statements were criticized . [ 114 ] Since moving to Washington, D.C., in 2009, the Obama family has attended several Protestant churches, including Shiloh Baptist Church and St. John's Episcopal Church , as well as Evergreen Chapel at Camp David , but the members of the family do not attend church on a regular basis. [ 115 ] [ 116 ] [ 117 ] In 2016, Obama said that he gets inspiration from a few items that remind him "of all the different people I've met along the way", adding: "I carry these around all the time. I'm not that superstitious, so it's not like I think I necessarily have to have them on me at all times." The items, "a whole bowl full", include rosary beads given to him by Pope Francis , a figurine of the Hindu deity Hanuman , a Coptic cross from Ethiopia, a small Buddha statue given by a monk, and a metal poker chip that used to be the lucky charm of a motorcyclist in Iowa. [ 118 ] [ 119 ] From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of the Woods Fund of Chicago —which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project—and of the Joyce Foundation . [ 54 ] He served on the board of directors of the Chicago Annenberg Challenge from 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999. [ 54 ] Obama's law license became inactive in 2007. [ 120 ] [ 121 ] Legislative career Illinois Senate (1997–2004) Obama was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1996, succeeding Democratic state senator Alice Palmer from Illinois's 13th District , which, at that time, spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from Hyde Park–Kenwood south to South Shore and west to Chicago Lawn . [ 122 ] Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation that reformed ethics and health care laws. [ 123 ] [ 124 ] He sponsored a law that increased tax credits for low-income workers, negotiated welfare reform , and promoted increased subsidies for childcare. [ 125 ] In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican governor George Ryan 's payday loan regulations and predatory mortgage lending regulations aimed at averting home foreclosures . [ 126 ] [ 127 ] He was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was re-elected again in 2002. [ 128 ] [ 129 ] In 2000, he lost a Democratic primary race for Illinois's 1st congressional district in the United States House of Representatives to four-term incumbent Bobby Rush by a margin of two to one. [ 130 ] In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority. [ 131 ] He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitor racial profiling by requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations. [ 125 ] [ 132 ] [ 133 ] [ 134 ] During his 2004 general election campaign for the U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enacting death penalty reforms. [ 135 ] Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate. [ 136 ] 2004 U.S. Senate campaign in Illinois In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race. He created a campaign committee, began raising funds, and lined up political media consultant David Axelrod by August 2002. Obama formally announced his candidacy in January 2003. [ 137 ] Obama was an early opponent of the George W. Bush administration's 2003 invasion of Iraq . [ 138 ] On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on the joint resolution authorizing the Iraq War , [ 139 ] Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicago anti-Iraq War rally , [ 140 ] and spoke out against the war. [ 141 ] He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd "it's not too late" to stop the war. [ 142 ] Decisions by Republican incumbent Peter Fitzgerald and his Democratic predecessor Carol Moseley Braun not to participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving 15 candidates. [ 143 ] In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide—which overnight made him a rising star within the national Democratic Party, started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir, Dreams from My Father . [ 144 ] In July 2004, Obama delivered the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention , [ 145 ] seen by nine million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party. [ 146 ] Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winner Jack Ryan , withdrew from the race in June 2004. [ 147 ] Six weeks later, Alan Keyes accepted the Republican nomination to replace Ryan. [ 148 ] In the November 2004 general election , Obama won with 70 percent of the vote, the largest margin of victory for a Senate candidate in Illinois history. [ 149 ] He took 92 of the state's 102 counties, including several where Democrats traditionally do not perform well. [ 150 ] U.S. Senate (2005–2008) Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 3, 2005, [ 151 ] becoming the only Senate member of the Congressional Black Caucus . [ 152 ] He introduced two initiatives that bore his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded the Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction concept to conventional weapons; [ 153 ] and the Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006 , which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending. [ 154 ] On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama—along with Senators Tom Carper , Tom Coburn , and John McCain —introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008. [ 155 ] He also cosponsored the Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act . [ 156 ] In December 2006, President Bush signed into law the Democratic Republic of the Congo Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor. [ 157 ] [ 158 ] In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act , which was signed into law in September 2007. [ 159 ] [ 160 ] Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act to add safeguards for personality-disorder military discharges. [ 161 ] This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008. [ 162 ] He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which was never enacted but later incorporated in the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010 ; [ 163 ] and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism. [ 164 ] Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to the State Children's Health Insurance Program , providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries. [ 165 ] Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees for Foreign Relations , Environment and Public Works , and Veterans' Affairs through December 2006. [ 166 ] In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments with Health, Education, Labor and Pensions and Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs . [ 167 ] He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee on European Affairs . [ 168 ] As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, and Africa. He met with Mahmoud Abbas before Abbas became President of the Palestinian National Authority and gave a speech at the University of Nairobi in which he condemned corruption within the Kenyan government. [ 169 ] Obama resigned his Senate seat on November 16, 2008, to focus on his transition period for the presidency. [ 170 ] Presidential campaigns 2008 presidential candidacy On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of the Old State Capitol building in Springfield, Illinois . [ 171 ] [ 172 ] The choice of the announcement site was viewed as symbolic, as it was also where Abraham Lincoln delivered his "House Divided" speech in 1858. [ 171 ] [ 173 ] Obama emphasized issues of rapidly ending the Iraq War, increasing energy independence , and reforming the health care system . [ 174 ] Numerous candidates entered the Democratic Party presidential primaries . The field narrowed to Obama and Senator Hillary Clinton after early contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process, but Obama gained a steady lead in pledged delegates due to better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing in caucus states, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules. [ 175 ] On June 2, 2008, Obama had received enough votes to clinch his nomination. After an initial hesitation to concede, on June 7, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama. [ 176 ] On August 23, 2008, Obama announced his selection of Delaware senator Joe Biden as his vice presidential running mate. [ 177 ] Obama selected Biden from a field speculated to include former Indiana governor and senator Evan Bayh and Virginia governor Tim Kaine . [ 177 ] At the Democratic National Convention in Denver , Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to endorse Obama, and she and Bill Clinton gave convention speeches in his support. [ 178 ] [ 179 ] Obama delivered his acceptance speech at Invesco Field at Mile High stadium to a crowd of about eighty-four thousand; the speech was viewed by over three million people worldwide. [ 180 ] [ 181 ] [ 182 ] During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations. [ 183 ] On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn down public financing in the general election since the system was created in 1976. [ 184 ] John McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate, and he selected Sarah Palin as his running mate. Obama and McCain engaged in three presidential debates in September and October 2008. [ 185 ] On November 4, Obama won the presidency with 365 electoral votes to 173 received by McCain. [ 186 ] Obama won 52.9 percent of the popular vote to McCain's 45.7 percent. [ 187 ] He became the first African-American to be elected president. [ 188 ] Obama delivered his victory speech before hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago's Grant Park . [ 189 ] [ 190 ] He is one of three United States senators who moved directly from the U.S. Senate to the White House, the others being Warren G. Harding and John F. Kennedy . [ 191 ] 2012 presidential candidacy On April 4, 2011, Obama filed election papers with the Federal Election Commission and then announced his reelection campaign for 2012 in a video titled "It Begins with Us" that he posted on his website. [ 192 ] [ 193 ] [ 194 ] As the incumbent president, he ran virtually unopposed in the Democratic Party presidential primaries , [ 195 ] and on April 3, 2012, Obama secured the 2778 convention delegates needed to win the Democratic nomination. [ 196 ] At the Democratic National Convention in Charlotte, North Carolina , Obama and Joe Biden were formally nominated by former president Bill Clinton as the Democratic Party candidates for president and vice president in the general election. Their main opponents were Republicans Mitt Romney , the former governor of Massachusetts, and Representative Paul Ryan of Wisconsin. [ 197 ] On November 6, 2012, Obama won 332 electoral votes, exceeding the 270 required for him to be reelected as president. [ 198 ] [ 199 ] [ 200 ] With 51.1 percent of the popular vote, [ 201 ] Obama became the first Democratic president since Franklin D. Roosevelt to win the majority of the popular vote twice. [ 202 ] [ 203 ] Obama addressed supporters and volunteers at Chicago's McCormick Place after his reelection and said: "Tonight you voted for action, not politics as usual. You elected us to focus on your jobs, not ours. And in the coming weeks and months, I am looking forward to reaching out and working with leaders of both parties." [ 204 ] [ 205 ] Presidency (2009–2017) The inauguration of Barack Obama as the 44th president took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office, Obama issued executive orders and presidential memoranda directing the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq. [ 206 ] He ordered the closing of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp , [ 207 ] but Congress prevented the closure by refusing to appropriate the required funds [ 208 ] [ 209 ] and preventing moving any Guantanamo detainee. [ 210 ] Obama reduced the secrecy given to presidential records. [ 211 ] He also revoked President George W. Bush's restoration of President Ronald Reagan 's Mexico City policy which prohibited federal aid to international family planning organizations that perform or provide counseling about abortion. [ 212 ] Domestic policy The first bill signed into law by Obama was the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 , relaxing the statute of limitations for equal-pay lawsuits. [ 213 ] Five days later, he signed the reauthorization of the State Children's Health Insurance Program to cover an additional four million uninsured children. [ 214 ] In March 2009, Obama reversed a Bush-era policy that had limited funding of embryonic stem cell research and pledged to develop "strict guidelines" on the research. [ 215 ] Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his presidency. He nominated Sonia Sotomayor on May 26, 2009, to replace retiring associate justice David Souter . She was confirmed on August 6, 2009, [ 216 ] becoming the first Supreme Court Justice of Hispanic descent. [ 217 ] Obama nominated Elena Kagan on May 10, 2010, to replace retiring Associate Justice John Paul Stevens . She was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three for the first time in American history. [ 218 ] On March 11, 2009, Obama created the White House Council on Women and Girls , which formed part of the Office of Intergovernmental Affairs , having been established by Executive Order 13506 with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to the welfare of American women and girls. The council was chaired by Senior Advisor to the President Valerie Jarrett . Obama also established the White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault through a government memorandum on January 22, 2014, with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to sexual assault on college and university campuses throughout the United States. The co-chairs of the Task Force were Vice President Joe Biden and Jarrett. The Task Force was a development out of the White House Council on Women and Girls and Office of the Vice President of the United States , and prior to that the 1994 Violence Against Women Act first drafted by Biden. In July 2009, Obama launched the Priority Enforcement Program , an immigration enforcement program that had been pioneered by George W. Bush, and the Secure Communities fingerprinting and immigration status data-sharing program. [ 219 ] In a major space policy speech in April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction at NASA , the U.S. space agency. He ended plans for a return of human spaceflight to the moon and development of the Ares I rocket, Ares V rocket and Constellation program , in favor of funding earth science projects, a new rocket type, research and development for an eventual crewed mission to Mars, and ongoing missions to the International Space Station . [ 220 ] On January 16, 2013, one month after the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting , Obama signed 23 executive orders and outlined a series of sweeping proposals regarding gun control . [ 221 ] He urged Congress to enact a comprehensive gun control package, which included reauthorizing the assault weapons ban , limiting magazine capacity to 10 rounds, mandating universal background checks , prohibiting armor-piercing ammunition, increasing penalties for straw purchasers, and confirming a Director for the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF). [ 222 ] On January 5, 2016, Obama announced new executive actions extending background check requirements to more gun sellers. [ 223 ] In a 2016 editorial in The New York Times , Obama compared the struggle for what he termed "common-sense gun reform" to women's suffrage and other civil rights movements in American history. In 2011, Obama signed a four-year renewal of the Patriot Act. [ 224 ] Following the 2013 global surveillance disclosures by whistleblower Edward Snowden , Obama condemned the leak as unpatriotic, [ 225 ] but called for increased restrictions on the National Security Agency (NSA) to address violations of privacy. [ 226 ] [ 227 ] Obama continued and expanded surveillance programs set up by George W. Bush, while implementing some reforms. [ 228 ] He supported legislation that would have limited the NSA's ability to collect phone records in bulk under a single program and supported bringing more transparency to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC). [ 228 ] In his speeches as president, Obama did not make more overt references to race relations than his predecessors, [ 229 ] [ 230 ] but according to one study, he implemented stronger policy action on behalf of African-Americans than any president since the Nixon era. [ 231 ] Following Obama's election, many pondered the existence of a " post-racial America ". [ 232 ] [ 233 ] However, lingering racial tensions quickly became apparent, [ 232 ] [ 234 ] and many African-Americans expressed outrage over what they saw as an intense racial animosity directed at Obama. [ 235 ] The acquittal of George Zimmerman following the killing of Trayvon Martin sparked national outrage, leading to Obama giving a speech in which he said that "Trayvon Martin could have been me 35 years ago." [ 236 ] The shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri , sparked a wave of protests . [ 237 ] These and other events led to the birth of the Black Lives Matter movement, which campaigns against violence and systemic racism toward black people . [ 237 ] Though Obama entered office reluctant to talk about race, by 2014 he began openly discussing the disadvantages faced by many members of minority groups. [ 238 ] Several incidents during Obama's presidency generated disapproval from the African-American community and with law enforcement, and Obama sought to build trust between law enforcement officials and civil rights activists, with mixed results. Some in law enforcement criticized Obama's condemnation of racial bias after incidents in which police action led to the death of African-American men, while some racial justice activists criticized Obama's expressions of empathy for the police. [ 239 ] In a March 2016 Gallup poll, nearly one third of Americans said they worried "a great deal" about race relations, a higher figure than in any previous Gallup poll since 2001. [ 240 ] On October 8, 2009, Obama signed the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act , a measure that expanded the 1969 United States federal hate-crime law to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability. [ 241 ] On October 30, 2009, Obama lifted the ban on travel to the United States by those infected with HIV. The lifting of the ban was celebrated by Immigration Equality . [ 242 ] On December 22, 2010, Obama signed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 , which fulfilled a promise made in the 2008 presidential campaign [ 243 ] [ 244 ] to end the don't ask, don't tell policy of 1993 that had prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in the United States Armed Forces . In 2016, the Pentagon ended the policy that barred transgender people from serving openly in the military . [ 245 ] Same-sex marriage As a candidate for the Illinois state senate in 1996, Obama stated he favored legalizing same-sex marriage . [ 246 ] During his Senate run in 2004, he said he supported civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex partners but opposed same-sex marriages. [ 247 ] In 2008, he reaffirmed this position by stating "I believe marriage is between a man and a woman. I am not in favor of gay marriage." [ 248 ] On May 9, 2012, shortly after the official launch of his campaign for re-election as president, Obama said his views had evolved, and he publicly affirmed his personal support for the legalization of same-sex marriage, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to do so. [ 249 ] [ 250 ] During his second inaugural address on January 21, 2013, [ 205 ] Obama became the first U.S. president in office to call for full equality for gay Americans, and the first to mention gay rights or the word "gay" in an inaugural address. [ 251 ] [ 252 ] In 2013, the Obama administration filed briefs that urged the Supreme Court to rule in favor of same-sex couples in the cases of Hollingsworth v. Perry (regarding same-sex marriage) [ 253 ] and United States v. Windsor (regarding the Defense of Marriage Act ). [ 254 ] Economic policy On February 17, 2009, Obama signed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 , a $787 billion (equivalent to $ 1181 billion in 2025 ) economic stimulus package aimed at helping the economy recover from the deepening worldwide recession . [ 255 ] The act includes increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks and incentives , and direct assistance to individuals. [ 256 ] In March 2009, Obama's Treasury Secretary, Timothy Geithner , took further steps to manage the 2008 financial crisis , including introducing the Public–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets , which contains provisions for buying up to $2 trillion in depreciated real estate assets. [ 257 ] Obama intervened in the troubled automotive industry [ 258 ] in March 2009, renewing loans for General Motors (GM) and Chrysler to continue operations while reorganizing. Over the following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including the sale of Chrysler to Italian automaker Fiat [ 259 ] and a reorganization of GM giving the U.S. government a temporary 60 percent equity stake in the company. [ 260 ] In June 2009, dissatisfied with the pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment. [ 261 ] He signed into law the Car Allowance Rebate System , known colloquially as "Cash for Clunkers", which temporarily boosted the economy. [ 262 ] [ 263 ] [ 264 ] The Bush and Obama administrations authorized spending and loan guarantees from the Federal Reserve and the Department of the Treasury . These guarantees totaled about $11.5 trillion, but only $3 trillion had been spent by the end of November 2009. [ 265 ] On August 2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the bipartisan Budget Control Act of 2011 . The legislation enforced limits on discretionary spending until 2021, established a procedure to increase the debt limit, created a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5 trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and established automatic procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2 trillion if legislation originating with the new joint select committee did not achieve such savings. [ 266 ] By passing the legislation, Congress was able to prevent a U.S. government default on its obligations. [ 267 ] The unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.0 percent and averaging 10.0 percent in the fourth quarter. Following a decrease to 9.7 percent in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell to 9.6 percent in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year. [ 268 ] Between February and December 2010, employment rose by 0.8 percent, which was less than the average of 1.9 percent experienced during comparable periods in the past four employment recoveries. [ 269 ] By November 2012, the unemployment rate fell to 7.7 percent, [ 270 ] decreasing to 6.7 percent in the last month of 2013. [ 271 ] During 2014, the unemployment rate continued to decline, falling to 6.3 percent in the first quarter. [ 271 ] GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, expanding at a rate of 1.6 percent, followed by a 5.0 percent increase in the fourth quarter. [ 272 ] Growth continued in 2010, posting an increase of 3.7 percent in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year. [ 272 ] In July 2010, the Federal Reserve noted that economic activity continued to increase, but its pace had slowed, and chairman Ben Bernanke said the economic outlook was "unusually uncertain". [ 273 ] Overall, the economy expanded at a rate of 2.9 percent in 2010. [ 274 ] The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) and a broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth. [ 276 ] [ 277 ] The CBO released a report stating that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1 million, [ 277 ] [ 278 ] [ 279 ] while conceding that "it is impossible to determine how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package." [ 276 ] Although an April 2010, survey of members of the National Association for Business Economics showed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in two years, 73 percent of 68 respondents believed the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment. [ 280 ] The economy of the United States has grown faster than the other original NATO members by a wider margin under President Obama than it has anytime since the end of World War II . [ 281 ] The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development credits the much faster growth in the United States to the stimulus plan of the U.S. and the austerity measures in the European Union. [ 282 ] Within a month of the 2010 midterm elections , Obama announced a compromise deal with the congressional Republican leadership that included a temporary, two-year extension of the 2001 and 2003 income tax rates , a one-year payroll tax reduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount for estate taxes . [ 283 ] The compromise overcame opposition from some in both parties, and the resulting $858 billion (equivalent to $ 1.3 trillion in 2025 ) Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 passed with bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010. [ 284 ] In December 2013, Obama declared that growing income inequality is a "defining challenge of our time" and called on Congress to bolster the safety net and raise wages. This came on the heels of the nationwide strikes of fast-food workers and Pope Francis ' criticism of inequality and trickle-down economics . [ 285 ] Obama urged Congress to ratify a 12-nation free trade pact called the Trans-Pacific Partnership . [ 286 ] Environmental policy On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshore drilling rig at the Macondo Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico , causing a major sustained oil leak . Obama visited the Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review by Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar and concurrent congressional hearings. He then announced a six-month moratorium on new deepwater drilling permits and leases, pending regulatory review. [ 287 ] As multiple efforts by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident, and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government. [ 288 ] Prior to the oil spill, on March 31, 2010, Obama ended a ban on oil and gas drilling along the majority of the East Coast of the United States and along the coast of northern Alaska in an effort to win support for an energy and climate bill and to reduce foreign imports of oil and gas. [ 289 ] In July 2013, Obama expressed reservations and said he "would reject the Keystone XL pipeline if it increased carbon pollution [or] greenhouse emissions." [ 290 ] [ 291 ] On February 24, 2015, Obama vetoed a bill that would have authorized the pipeline. [ 292 ] It was the third veto of Obama's presidency and his first major veto. [ 293 ] In December 2016, Obama permanently banned new offshore oil and gas drilling in most United States-owned waters in the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans using the 1953 Outer Continental Shelf Act. [ 294 ] [ 295 ] [ 296 ] Obama emphasized the conservation of federal lands during his term in office. He used his power under the Antiquities Act to create 25 new national monuments during his presidency and expand four others, protecting a total of 553,000,000 acres (224,000,000 ha) of federal lands and waters, more than any other U.S. president. [ 297 ] [ 298 ] [ 299 ] Health care reform Obama called for Congress to pass legislation reforming healthcare in the United States , a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal. [ 300 ] He proposed an expansion of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, cap premium increases, and allow people to retain their coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900 billion over ten years and include a government insurance plan, also known as the public option , to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. It would also make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage for pre-existing conditions , and require every American to carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies that offer expensive plans. [ 301 ] [ 302 ] On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system, which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009. [ 300 ] After public debate during the congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivered a speech to a joint session of Congress on September 9 where he addressed concerns over the proposals. [ 304 ] In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on using federal funds for stem cell research. [ 305 ] On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House. [ 306 ] [ 307 ] On December 24, 2009, the Senate passed its own bill—without a public option—on a party-line vote of 60–39. [ 308 ] On March 21, 2010, the Affordable Care Act (ACA, colloquially "Obamacare") passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to 212. Obama signed the bill into law on March 23, 2010. [ 309 ] The ACA includes health-related provisions , most of which took effect in 2014, including expanding Medicaid eligibility for people making up to 133 percent of the federal poverty level (FPL) starting in 2014, [ 310 ] subsidizing insurance premiums for people making up to 400 percent of the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum "out-of-pocket" payment for annual premiums will be from 2 percent to 9.5 percent of income, [ 311 ] providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishing health insurance exchanges , prohibiting annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and CBO figures, the maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the federal poverty level. [ 312 ] The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for those in high-income brackets , taxes on indoor tanning , cuts to the Medicare Advantage program in favor of traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies; [ 314 ] there is also a tax penalty for those who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons. [ 315 ] In March 2010, the CBO estimated that the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143 billion over the first decade. [ 316 ] The law faced several legal challenges, primarily based on the argument that an individual mandate requiring Americans to buy health insurance was unconstitutional. On June 28, 2012, the Supreme Court ruled by a 5–4 vote in National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius that the mandate was constitutional under the U.S. Congress's taxing authority. [ 317 ] In Burwell v. Hobby Lobby the Court ruled that "closely-held" for-profit corporations could be exempt on religious grounds under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act from regulations adopted under the ACA that would have required them to pay for insurance that covered certain contraceptives. In June 2015, the Court ruled 6–3 in King v. Burwell that subsidies to help individuals and families purchase health insurance were authorized for those doing so on both the federal exchange and state exchanges, not only those purchasing plans "established by the State", as the statute reads. [ 318 ] In February and March 2009, Vice President Joe Biden and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton made separate overseas trips to announce a "new era" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the terms "break" and " reset " to signal major changes from the policies of the preceding administration. [ 319 ] Obama attempted to reach out to Arab leaders by granting his first interview to an Arab satellite TV network, Al Arabiya . [ 320 ] On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and government of Iran. [ 321 ] [ 322 ] On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech at Cairo University in Egypt calling for " A New Beginning " in relations between the Islamic world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace. [ 323 ] On June 26, 2009, Obama condemned the Iranian government's actions towards protesters following Iran's 2009 presidential election . [ 324 ] In 2011, Obama ordered a drone strike in Yemen which targeted and killed Anwar al-Awlaki , an American imam suspected of being a leading Al-Qaeda organizer. al-Awlaki became the first U.S. citizen to be targeted and killed by a U.S. drone strike . The Department of Justice released a memo justifying al-Awlaki's death as a lawful act of war, [ 325 ] while civil liberties advocates described it as a violation of al-Awlaki's constitutional right to due process . The killing led to significant controversy. [ 326 ] His teenage son and young daughter , also Americans, were later killed in separate U.S. military actions , although they were not targeted specifically. [ 327 ] [ 325 ] In March 2015, Obama declared that he had authorized U.S. forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in their military intervention in Yemen , establishing a "Joint Planning Cell" with Saudi Arabia. [ 328 ] [ 329 ] In 2016, the Obama administration proposed a series of arms deals with Saudi Arabia worth $115 billion. [ 330 ] Obama halted the sale of guided munition technology to Saudi Arabia after Saudi warplanes targeted a funeral in Yemen's capital Sanaa, killing more than 140 people. [ 331 ] In September 2016 Obama was snubbed by Xi Jinping and the Chinese Communist Party as he descended from Air Force One to the tarmac of Hangzhou International Airport for the 2016 G20 Hangzhou summit without the usual red carpet welcome. [ 332 ] Death of Osama bin Laden Starting with information received from Central Intelligence Agency operatives in July 2010, the CIA developed intelligence over the next several months that determined what they believed to be the hideout of Osama bin Laden . He was living in seclusion in a large compound in Abbottabad , Pakistan, a suburban area 35 miles (56 km) from Islamabad . [ 333 ] CIA head Leon Panetta reported this intelligence to President Obama in March 2011. [ 333 ] Meeting with his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound, and authorized a "surgical raid" to be conducted by United States Navy SEALs . [ 333 ] The operation took place on May 1, 2011, and resulted in the shooting death of bin Laden and the seizure of papers, computer drives and disks from the compound. [ 334 ] [ 335 ] DNA testing was one of five methods used to positively identify bin Laden's corpse, [ 336 ] which was buried at sea several hours later. [ 337 ] Within minutes of the President's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City's Ground Zero and Times Square . [ 334 ] [ 338 ] Reaction to the announcement was positive across party lines, including from former presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush. [ 339 ] Post-presidency (2017–present) Obama's presidential run finished on January 20, 2017, upon the inauguration of his successor, Donald Trump . [ 340 ] [ 341 ] The family moved to a house they rented in Kalorama, Washington, D.C. [ 342 ] On March 2, the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum awarded the Profile in Courage Award to Obama "for his enduring commitment to democratic ideals and elevating the standard of political courage." [ 343 ] His first public appearance since leaving the office was a seminar at the University of Chicago on April 24, where he appealed for a new generation to participate in politics. [ 344 ] On September 7, Obama partnered with former presidents Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush to work with One America Appeal to help the victims of Hurricane Harvey and Hurricane Irma in the Gulf Coast and Texas communities. [ 345 ] From October 31 to November 1, Obama hosted the inaugural summit of the Obama Foundation , [ 346 ] which he intended to be the central focus of his post-presidency and part of his ambitions for his subsequent activities following his presidency to be more consequential than his time in office. [ 347 ] Barack and Michelle Obama signed a deal on May 22, 2018, to produce docu-series, documentaries and features for Netflix under the Obamas' newly formed production company, Higher Ground Productions . [ 348 ] [ 349 ] Higher Ground's first film, American Factory , won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature in 2020. [ 350 ] On October 24, a pipe bomb addressed to Obama was intercepted by the Secret Service. It was one of several pipe-bombs that had been mailed out to Democratic lawmakers and officials . [ 351 ] In 2019, Barack and Michelle Obama bought a home on Martha's Vineyard from Wyc Grousbeck . [ 352 ] On October 29, Obama criticized " wokeness " and call-out culture at the Obama Foundation's annual summit. [ 353 ] [ 354 ] Obama was reluctant to make an endorsement in the 2020 Democratic presidential primaries because he wanted to position himself to unify the party, regardless of the nominee. [ 355 ] On April 14, 2020, Obama endorsed his former vice president, Joe Biden , the presumptive nominee, for president in the presidential election , stating that he has "all the qualities we need in a president right now." [ 356 ] [ 357 ] In May, Obama criticized President Trump for his handling of the COVID-19 pandemic , calling his response to the crisis "an absolute chaotic disaster", and stating that the consequences of the Trump presidency have been "our worst impulses unleashed, our proud reputation around the world badly diminished, and our democratic institutions threatened like never before." [ 358 ] On November 17, Obama's presidential memoir, A Promised Land , was released. [ 359 ] [ 360 ] [ 361 ] Obama and his wife attended the inauguration of Joe Biden in January 2021. In February 2021, Obama and musician Bruce Springsteen started a podcast called Renegades: Born in the USA where the two talk about "their backgrounds, music and their 'enduring love of America. ' " [ 362 ] [ 363 ] Later that year, Regina Hicks had signed a deal with Netflix , in a venture with his and Michelle's Higher Ground to develop comedy projects. [ 364 ] On March 4, 2022, Obama won an Audio Publishers Association (APA) Award in the best narration by the author category for the narration of his memoir A Promised Land . [ 365 ] On April 5, Obama visited the White House for the first time since leaving office, in an event celebrating the 12th annual anniversary of the signing of the Affordable Care Act. [ 366 ] [ 367 ] [ 368 ] In June, it was announced that the Obamas and their podcast production company, Higher Ground, signed a multi-year deal with Audible . [ 369 ] [ 370 ] In September, Obama visited the White House to unveil his and Michelle's official White House portraits. [ 371 ] Around the same time, he won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narrator [ 372 ] for his narration in the Netflix documentary series Our Great National Parks . [ 373 ] In 2022, Obama opposed expanding the Supreme Court beyond the present nine Justices. [ 374 ] In March 2023, Obama traveled to Australia as a part of his speaking tour of the country. During the trip, Obama met with Australian prime minister Anthony Albanese and visited Melbourne for the first time. [ 375 ] In October 2023, during the Gaza war , Obama declared that Israel must dismantle Hamas in the wake of the October 7 attacks . [ 376 ] Weeks later, Obama warned Israel that its actions could "harden Palestinian attitudes for generations" and weaken international support for Israel; any military strategy that ignored the war's human costs "could ultimately backfire." [ 377 ] In July 2024, Obama expressed concerns about Biden's campaign viability after his critically maligned debate performance against former president Trump. [ 378 ] On July 21, Biden withdrew his candidacy and swiftly endorsed Vice President Harris right after to run as the Democratic nominee. Obama reluctantly endorsed Harris alongside his wife Michelle five days later and delivered a speech at the 2024 Democratic National Convention formally endorsing her. [ 379 ] He joined Harris on the campaign trail in October, traveling to various swing states and emphasizing her record as a prosecutor, senator, and vice president and advocating for increased voter turnout, and his criticisms of Donald Trump and the Republican Party were widely reported by various media outlets. [ 380 ] [ 381 ] After Trump was declared the winner of the election on November 6, Obama and Michelle congratulated him and Vice President–elect JD Vance while praising the Harris campaign and calling on liberal voters to continue supporting democracy and human rights. [ 382 ] Obama attended the second inauguration of Donald Trump in January 2025. [ 383 ] In February 2026, after Trump posted a racist meme of him and his wife , Obama decried the post, and criticized the lack of decorum and the conduct of the United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement . [ 384 ] Cultural and political image Fiscal conservatism Third Way Clintonism Clintonomics Obamanomics Coalition for a Democratic Majority Democratic Leadership Council Moderate Dems Working Group New Democrat Coalition New Democrat Network Progressive Policy Institute Senate Centrist Coalition Politics portal United States portal Obama's family history, upbringing, and Ivy League education differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who rose to prominence in the 1960s through their involvement in the civil rights movement. [ 385 ] Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is "black enough", Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the National Association of Black Journalists that "we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong." [ 386 ] Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, remarking: "I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation." [ 387 ] Obama has frequently been referred to as an exceptional orator. [ 388 ] During his pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama delivered a series of weekly video addresses on YouTube . [ 389 ] Obama was known to avoid rigid political labels, but he described himself as a New Democrat and began to shift the New Democrat ideological faction from its more firmly centrist and fiscally conservative Clintonism toward increased openness to social liberal policy influences. [ 390 ] [ 391 ] [ 392 ] According to the Gallup Organization , Obama began his presidency with a 68 percent approval rating , [ 393 ] the fifth highest for a president following their swearing in. [ 394 ] His ratings remained above the majority level until November 2009 [ 395 ] and by August 2010 his approval was in the low 40s, [ 396 ] a trend similar to Ronald Reagan's and Bill Clinton's first years in office. [ 397 ] Following the death of Osama bin Laden on May 2, 2011, Obama experienced a small poll bounce and steadily maintained 50–53 percent approval for about a month, until his approval numbers dropped back to the low 40s. [ 398 ] [ 399 ] [ 400 ] His approval rating fell to 38 percent on several occasions in late 2011 [ 401 ] before recovering in mid-2012 with polls showing an average approval of 50 percent. [ 402 ] After his second inauguration in 2013, Obama's approval ratings remained stable around 52 percent [ 403 ] before declining for the rest of the year and eventually bottoming out at 39 percent in December. [ 398 ] In polling conducted before the 2014 midterm elections , Obama's approval ratings were at their lowest [ 404 ] [ 405 ] with his disapproval rating reaching a high of 57 percent. [ 398 ] [ 406 ] [ 407 ] His approval rating continued to lag throughout most of 2015 but began to reach the high 40s by the end of the year. [ 398 ] [ 408 ] According to Gallup, Obama's approval rating reached 50 percent in March 2016, a level unseen since May 2013. [ 398 ] [ 409 ] In polling conducted January 16–19, 2017, Obama's final approval rating was 59 percent, which placed him on par with George H. W. Bush and Dwight D. Eisenhower , whose final Gallup ratings also measured in the high 50s. [ 410 ] Obama has maintained relatively positive public perceptions after his presidency. [ 411 ] In Gallup's retrospective approval polls of former presidents, Obama garnered a 63 percent approval rating in 2018 and again in 2023, ranking him the fourth most popular president since World War II. [ 412 ] [ 413 ] Foreign perceptions Polls showed strong support for Obama in other countries both before and during his presidency. [ 414 ] [ 415 ] [ 416 ] In a February 2009 poll conducted in Western Europe and the U.S. by Harris Interactive for France 24 and the International Herald Tribune , Obama was rated as the most respected world leader, as well as the most powerful. [ 417 ] In a similar poll conducted by Harris in May 2009, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their hopes on for pulling the world out of the economic downturn. [ 418 ] [ 419 ] On October 9, 2009—only nine months into his first term—the Norwegian Nobel Committee announced that Obama had won the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples", [ 420 ] which drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures. [ 421 ] [ 422 ] [ 423 ] [ 424 ] He became the fourth U.S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office. [ 425 ] He himself called it a "call to action" and remarked: "I do not view it as a recognition of my own accomplishments but rather an affirmation of American leadership on behalf of aspirations held by people in all nations". [ 426 ] Legacy and recognition Obama has been described as one of the most effective campaigners in American history, his 2008 campaign being particularly highlighted, as well as one of the most talented political orators of the 21st century. [ 427 ] [ 428 ] [ 429 ] Historian Julian Zelizer credits Obama with "a keen sense of how the institutions of government work and the ways that his team could design policy proposals." Zelizer notes Obama's policy successes included the economic stimulus package which ended the Great Recession and the Dodd-Frank financial and consumer protection reforms, as well as the Affordable Care Act . Zelizer also notes the Democratic Party lost power and numbers of elected officials during Obama's term, saying that the consensus among historians is that Obama "turned out to be a very effective policymaker but not a tremendously successful party builder." Zelizer calls this the "defining paradox of Obama's presidency". [ 430 ] The Brookings Institution noted that Obama passed "only one major legislative achievement (Obamacare)—and a fragile one at that—the legacy of Obama's presidency mainly rests on its tremendous symbolic importance and the fate of a patchwork of executive actions." [ 431 ] David W. Wise noted that Obama fell short "in areas many Progressives hold dear", including the continuation of drone strikes, not going after big banks during the Great Recession, and failing to strengthen his coalition before pushing for Obamacare. Wise called Obama's legacy that of "a disappointingly conventional president," despite being the first president since Ronald Reagan to win a majority of the popular vote twice. [ 432 ] Obama's most significant accomplishment is generally considered to be the Affordable Care Act (ACA), provisions of which went into effect from 2010 to 2020. Many attempts by Senate Republicans to repeal the ACA, including a "skinny repeal", have thus far failed. [ 433 ] However, in 2017, the penalty for violating the individual mandate was repealed effective 2019. [ 434 ] Together with the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act amendment, it represents the U.S. healthcare system's most significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since the passage of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965. [ 435 ] [ 436 ] [ 437 ] [ 438 ] Many commentators credit Obama with averting a threatened depression and pulling the economy back from the Great Recession. [ 433 ] According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics , the Obama administration created 11.3 million jobs from the month after his first inauguration to the end of his second term. [ 439 ] In 2010, Obama signed into effect the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Passed as a response to the 2008 financial crisis , it brought the most significant changes to financial regulation in the United States since the regulatory reform that followed the Great Depression under Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt. [ 440 ] In 2009, Obama signed into law the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010 , which contained in it the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, the first addition to existing federal hate crime law in the United States since Democratic President Bill Clinton signed into law the Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996. The act expanded existing federal hate crime laws in the United States , and made it a federal crime to assault people based on sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability. [ 441 ] As president, Obama advanced LGBT rights. [ 442 ] In 2010, he signed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act , which brought an end to "don't ask, don't tell" policy in the U.S. armed forces that banned open service from LGBT people; the law went into effect the following year. [ 443 ] In 2016, his administration brought an end to the ban on transgender people serving openly in the U.S. armed forces. [ 444 ] [ 245 ] A Gallup poll , taken in the final days of Obama's term, showed that 68 percent of Americans believed the U.S. had made progress on LGBT rights during Obama's eight years in office. [ 445 ] Obama substantially escalated the use of drone strikes against suspected militants and terrorists associated with al-Qaeda and the Taliban . [ 446 ] In 2016, the last year of his presidency, the U.S. dropped 26,171 bombs on seven different countries. [ 447 ] [ 448 ] Obama left about 8,400 U.S. troops in Afghanistan , 5,262 in Iraq, 503 in Syria, 133 in Pakistan, 106 in Somalia, seven in Yemen, and two in Libya at the end of his presidency. [ 449 ] According to Pew Research Center and United States Bureau of Justice Statistics , from December 31, 2009, to December 31, 2015, inmates sentenced in U.S. federal custody declined by five percent. This is the largest decline in sentenced inmates in U.S. federal custody of any president since Jimmy Carter . By contrast, the federal prison population increased significantly under presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. [ 450 ] Human Rights Watch (HRW) called Obama's human rights record "mixed", adding that "he has often treated human rights as a secondary interest—nice to support when the cost was not too high, but nothing like a top priority he championed." [ 228 ] Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60 percent approval rating. [ 451 ] [ 452 ] He gained 10 spots from the same survey in 2015 from the Brookings Institution that ranked him the 18th-greatest American president. [ 453 ] In Gallup's 2018 job approval poll for the past 10 U.S. presidents, he received a 63 percent approval rating. [ 412 ] Presidential library The Barack Obama Presidential Center is Obama's presidential library . It is hosted by the University of Chicago and located in Jackson Park on the South Side of Chicago. [ 454 ] Awards and honors Obama received the Norwegian Nobel Committee 's Nobel Peace Prize in 2009, The Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education's Ambassador of Humanity Award in 2014, the John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award in 2017, and the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights Ripple of Hope Award in 2018. He was named TIME Magazine 's Time Person of the Year in 2008 and 2012. He also received two Grammy Awards for Best Spoken Word Album for Dreams from My Father (2006), and The Audacity of Hope (2008) as well as three Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Narrator for Our Great National Parks (2022), Working: What We Do All Day (2023), and Our Oceans (2025). He also won two Children's and Family Emmy Awards . In 2024 he became the first and so far only President from the Democratic Party to win the Sylvanus Thayer Award . Obama, Barack (1995). Dreams from My Father . New York: Times Books . ISBN 978-0-8129-2343-8 . — — — — — — — (2006). The Audacity of Hope . New York: Crown Publishing Group . ISBN 978-0-307-23769-9 . — — — — — — — (2010). Of Thee I Sing . New York: Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978-0-375-83527-8 . — — — — — — — (2020). A Promised Land . New York: Crown Publishing Group . ISBN 978-1-5247-6316-9 . [ 455 ] 2006: The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream (read by the author), Random House Audio , ISBN 978-0-7393-6641-7 2020: A Promised Land (read by the author) Obama, Barack (1988). "Why organize? Problems in the inner city" . Illinois Issues . XIV (8 & 9): 40– 42. ISSN 0738-9663 . Archived from the original on April 21, 2021 . Retrieved February 20, 2021 . — — — — — — — (1990). "Tort Law. Prenatal Injuries. Supreme Court of Illinois Refuses to Recognize Cause of Action Brought by Fetus Against Its Mother for Unintentional Infliction of Prenatal Injuries. Stallman v. Youngquist , 125 Ill. 2d 267, 531 N. E.2d 355 (1988)". Harvard Law Review . 103 (3): 823– 828. doi : 10.2307/1341352 . JSTOR 1341352 . Uncredited case comment. [ 456 ] — — — — — — — (2005). "Bound to the Word" . American Libraries . 36 (7): 48– 52. JSTOR 25649652 . — — — — — — — ; Clinton, Hillary (May 25, 2006). "Making Patient Safety the Centerpiece of Medical Liability Reform". The New England Journal of Medicine . 354 (21): 2205– 2208. doi : 10.1056/NEJMp068100 . PMID 16723612 . — — — — — — — (2007). "Renewing American Leadership" . Foreign Affairs . 86 (4): 2– 16. JSTOR 20032411 . — — — — — — — (2008). "A More Perfect Union" . The Black Scholar . 38 (1): 17– 23. doi : 10.1080/00064246.2008.11413431 . JSTOR 41069296 . S2CID 219318643 . — — — — — — — (2009). "What Science Can Do" . Issues in Science and Technology . 25 (4): 23– 30. JSTOR 43314908 . — — — — — — — (2009). "A New Beginning" . Zeitschrift für Staats- und Europawissenschaften . 7 (2): 173– 186. doi : 10.5771/1610-7780-2009-2-173 . JSTOR 26165626 . — — — — — — — (August 2, 2016). "United States Health Care Reform: Progress to Date and Next Steps" . Journal of the American Medical Association . 130 (5): 811– 866. doi : 10.1001/jama.2016.9797 . PMC 5069435 . PMID 27400401 . — — — — — — — (January 5, 2017). "The President's Role in Advancing Criminal Justice Reform" (PDF) . Harvard Law Review . 130 (3): 811– 866. JSTOR 44865604 . — — — — — — — (January 13, 2017). "The Irreversible Momentum of Clean Energy" . Science . 355 (6321): 126– 129. Bibcode : 2017Sci...355..126O . doi : 10.1126/science.aam6284 . PMID 28069665 . S2CID 30991274 . — — — — — — — (May 2017). "Repealing the ACA Without a Replacement—the Risks to American Health Care" . Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey . 72 (5): 263– 264. doi : 10.1097/OGX.0000000000000447 . S2CID 80088566 . Biography portal United States portal Illinois portal Politics portal DREAM Act – American legislative proposal on immigration Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009 – American federal law Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 – Legislation changing US immigration law IRS targeting controversy – 2013 American tax administration scandal Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012 National Broadband Plan (United States) – Strategic plan to improve internet access Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy – Program office of the U.S. Department of Energy Social policy of the Barack Obama administration SPEECH Act – 2010 U.S. law limiting foreign defamation cases White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy – U.S. government entity African-American presidents of the United States in popular culture Barack Obama "Hope" poster Barack Obama "Joker" poster Roberts Court – Period of the US Supreme Court since 2005 Speeches of Barack Obama Timeline of African-American firsts Assassination threats against Barack Obama African heritage of presidents of the United States African-American candidates for President of the United States List of African-American United States presidential and vice presidential candidates List of African-American United States senators List of African-American United States Senate candidates List of Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign endorsements List of Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign endorsements List of federal political scandals, 2009–17 List of people granted executive clemency by Barack Obama List of presidents of the United States List of presidents of the United States by previous experience List of things named after Barack Obama ↑ Pronounced / b ə ˈ r ɑː k h uː ˈ s eɪ n oʊ ˈ b ɑː m ə / ⓘ bə- RAHK hoo- SAYN oh- BAH -mə [ 1 ] ↑ "Barack Hussein Obama Takes The Oath Of Office" on YouTube . January 20, 2009. ↑ "Births, Marriages, Deaths" . Honolulu Star-Advertiser . August 13, 1961. p. 28. ↑ "Obama's isle birth is easily verified, but few check" . Honolulu Star-Advertiser . April 23, 2011. ↑ "OBAMA, Barack" . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved March 11, 2026 . ↑ "President Barack Obama" . The White House. 2008. Archived from the original on October 26, 2009 . Retrieved December 12, 2008 . ↑ "President Obama's Long Form Birth Certificate" . White House . April 27, 2011. Archived from the original on July 31, 2023 . Retrieved August 4, 2023 . ↑ "Certificate of Live Birth: Barack Hussein Obama II, August 4, 1961, 7:24 pm, Honolulu" (PDF) . whitehouse.gov . April 27, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2017 . Retrieved March 11, 2017 – via National Archives . ↑ Maraniss, David (August 24, 2008). "Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible" . The Washington Post . p. A22. Archived from the original on March 28, 2019 . Retrieved October 28, 2008 . ↑ Nakaso, Dan (December 22, 2008). "Twin sisters, Obama on parallel paths for years" . The Honolulu Advertiser . p. B1. Archived from the original on January 29, 2011 . Retrieved January 22, 2011 . ↑ Barreto, Amílcar Antonio; O'Bryant, Richard L. (November 12, 2013). "Introduction" . American Identity in the Age of Obama . Taylor & Francis. pp. 18– 19. ISBN 978-1-317-93715-9 . Retrieved May 8, 2017 . ↑ Langan, Sheila (May 23, 2022). "When Barack Obama's Irish ancestor from County Offaly was discovered" . IrishCentral.com . Archived from the original on May 16, 2022 . Retrieved August 2, 2022 . ↑ " "Ancestry.com Discovers Ph Suggests" " . Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. ↑ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (July 30, 2012). "Obama Has Ties to Slavery Not by His Father but His Mother, Research Suggests" . The New York Times . Retrieved July 5, 2024 . ↑ Hennessey, Kathleen (July 30, 2012). "Obama related to legendary Virginia slave, genealogists say" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 18, 2025 . ↑ "Remarks by the President at the Democratic National Convention" . whitehouse.gov . July 28, 2016 . Retrieved August 15, 2025 . They were Scotch-Irish mostly -- farmers, teachers, ranch hands, pharmacists, oil rig workers ↑ Maraniss 2012 , p. 65 : "He had been born inside the euphorbia hedges of the K'obama homestead on June 18, 1934." 1 2 Jacobs, Sally (2011b). "President Obama's Father: A 'Bold And Reckless Life' " . NPR. Archived from the original on December 23, 2019 . Retrieved January 16, 2020 . ↑ Swaine, Jon (April 29, 2011). "Barack Obama's father 'forced out of US in 1960s' " . Telegraph . Archived from the original on January 10, 2022 . Retrieved January 16, 2020 . ↑ Swarns, Rachel L. (June 18, 2016). "Words of Obama's Father Still Waiting to Be Read by His Son" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 18, 2016 . Retrieved January 16, 2020 . ↑ Arnott, David R. "From Obama's old school to his ancestral village, world reacts to US presidential election" . NBC News . Archived from the original on October 28, 2020 . Retrieved January 16, 2020 . ↑ Bearak, Max (June 19, 2016). "The fascinating tribal tradition that gave Obama his last name" . Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 7, 2022 . Retrieved November 20, 2022 . ↑ Jones, Tim (March 27, 2007). "Barack Obama: Mother not just a girl from Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham shaped a future senator" . Chicago Tribune . p. 1 (Tempo). Archived from the original on February 7, 2017. 1 2 Obama 2004 , pp. 9–10 Scott 2011 , pp. 80–86 Jacobs 2011a , pp. 115–118 Maraniss 2012 , pp. 154–160 Scott 2011 , pp. 80–86 Jacobs 2011a , pp. 115–118 Maraniss 2012 , pp. 154–160 ↑ Ripley, Amanda (April 9, 2008). "The story of Barack Obama's mother" . Time . Archived from the original on August 28, 2013 . Retrieved April 9, 2007 . ↑ Scott 2011 , p. 86 Jacobs 2011a , pp. 125–127 Maraniss 2012 , pp. 160–163 Jacobs 2011a , pp. 125–127 Maraniss 2012 , pp. 160–163 ↑ Scott 2011 , pp. 87–93 Jacobs 2011a , pp. 115–118, 125–127, 133–161 Maraniss 2012 , pp. 170–183, 188–189 Jacobs 2011a , pp. 115–118, 125–127, 133–161 Maraniss 2012 , pp. 170–183, 188–189 ↑ Scott 2011 , pp. 142–144 Jacobs 2011a , pp. 161–177, 227–230. Maraniss 2012 , pp. 190–194, 201–209, 227–230 Jacobs 2011a , pp. 161–177, 227–230. Maraniss 2012 , pp. 190–194, 201–209, 227–230 ↑ Ochieng, Philip (November 1, 2004). "From home squared to the US Senate: how Barack Obama was lost and found" . The EastAfrican . Nairobi. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Merida, Kevin (December 14, 2007). "The ghost of a father" . The Washington Post . p. A12. Archived from the original on August 29, 2008 . Retrieved June 25, 2008 . Jacobs 2011a , pp. 251–255 Maraniss 2012 , pp. 411–417 Merida, Kevin (December 14, 2007). "The ghost of a father" . The Washington Post . p. A12. Archived from the original on August 29, 2008 . Retrieved June 25, 2008 . Jacobs 2011a , pp. 251–255 Maraniss 2012 , pp. 411–417 ↑ Serrano, Richard A. (March 11, 2007). "Obama's peers didn't see his angst" . Los Angeles Times . p. A20. Archived from the original on November 8, 2008 . Retrieved March 13, 2007 . Obama 2004 , chapters 4 and 5 . Obama 2004 , chapters 4 and 5 . ↑ Scott 2011 , pp. 97–103 Maraniss 2012 , pp. 195–201, 225–230 Maraniss 2012 , pp. 195–201, 225–230 ↑ Maraniss 2012 , pp. 195–201, 209–223, 230–244. 1 2 Suhartono, Anton (March 19, 2010). "Sekolah di SD Asisi, Obama Berstatus Agama Islam" . Okezone (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on January 28, 2021 . Retrieved January 21, 2021 . ↑ Maraniss 2012 , pp. 216, 221, 230, 234–244. ↑ "Barack Obama: Calvert Homeschooler?—Calvert Education Blog" . calverteducation.com. January 25, 2014. Archived from the original on March 13, 2017 . Retrieved November 25, 2015 . ↑ Zimmer, Benjamin (2009). "Obama's Indonesian Redux" . Language Log. Archived from the original on March 3, 2009 . Retrieved March 12, 2009 . "Obama: Saya Kangen Nasi Goreng, Bakso, dan Rambutan" . Kompas (in Indonesian). November 26, 2008. Archived from the original on December 3, 2008. "Obama: Saya Kangen Nasi Goreng, Bakso, dan Rambutan" . Kompas (in Indonesian). November 26, 2008. Archived from the original on December 3, 2008. ↑ Meacham, Jon (August 22, 2008). "What Barack Obama Learned from His Father" . Newsweek . Archived from the original on January 7, 2017 . Retrieved January 9, 2017 . ↑ Serafin, Peter (March 21, 2004). "Punahou grad stirs up Illinois politics" . Honolulu Star-Bulletin . Archived from the original on March 28, 2019 . Retrieved March 20, 2008 . Scott, Janny (March 14, 2008). "A free-spirited wanderer who set Obama's path" . The New York Times . p. A1. Archived from the original on March 14, 2008 . Retrieved November 18, 2011 . Obama 2004 , chapters 3 and 4 Scott 2011 , pp. 131–134 Maraniss 2012 , pp. 264–269 Scott, Janny (March 14, 2008). "A free-spirited wanderer who set Obama's path" . The New York Times . p. A1. Archived from the original on March 14, 2008 . Retrieved November 18, 2011 . Obama 2004 , chapters 3 and 4 Scott 2011 , pp. 131–134 Maraniss 2012 , pp. 264–269 ↑ Wolffe, Richard (March 22, 2008). "When Barry Became Barack" . Newsweek . Archived from the original on April 18, 2010 . Retrieved March 21, 2016 . ↑ Scott 2011 , pp. 139–157 Maraniss 2012 , pp. 279–281 Maraniss 2012 , pp. 279–281 ↑ Scott 2011 , pp. 157–194 Maraniss 2012 , pp. 279–281, 324–326 Maraniss 2012 , pp. 279–281, 324–326 ↑ Scott 2011 , pp. 214, 294, 317–346. ↑ Reyes, B.J. (February 8, 2007). "Punahou left lasting impression on Obama" . Honolulu Star-Bulletin . Archived from the original on March 28, 2019 . Retrieved February 10, 2007 . As a teenager, Obama went to parties and sometimes sought out gatherings on military bases or at the University of Hawaii that were attended mostly by blacks. ↑ Elliott, Philip (November 21, 2007). "Obama gets blunt with N.H. students" . The Boston Globe . Associated Press. p. 8A. Archived from the original on April 7, 2012 . Retrieved May 18, 2012 . ↑ Karl, Jonathan (May 25, 2012). "Obama and His Pot-Smoking 'Choom Gang' " . ABC News . Archived from the original on May 25, 2012 . Retrieved May 25, 2012 . Obama 2004 , pp. 93–94 Maraniss 2012 , pp. 293–97, 299, 302, 306, 315, 317, 319, 365, 452, 515 for analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked marijuana as a teenager ("When I was a kid, I inhaled"), see: Seelye, Katharine Q. (October 24, 2006). "Obama offers more variations from the norm" . The New York Times . p. A21. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011 . Retrieved October 29, 2006 . Romano, Lois (January 3, 2007). "Effect of Obama's candor remains to be seen" . The Washington Post . p. A1. Archived from the original on May 11, 2008 . Retrieved January 14, 2007 . Obama 2004 , pp. 93–94 Maraniss 2012 , pp. 293–97, 299, 302, 306, 315, 317, 319, 365, 452, 515 for analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked marijuana as a teenager ("When I was a kid, I inhaled"), see: Seelye, Katharine Q. (October 24, 2006). "Obama offers more variations from the norm" . The New York Times . p. A21. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011 . Retrieved October 29, 2006 . Romano, Lois (January 3, 2007). "Effect of Obama's candor remains to be seen" . The Washington Post . p. A1. Archived from the original on May 11, 2008 . Retrieved January 14, 2007 . ↑ "FRONTLINE The Choice 2012" . PBS. October 9, 2012. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017 . Retrieved October 29, 2012 . 1 2 Gordon, Larry (January 29, 2007). "Occidental recalls 'Barry' Obama" . 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Springfield, Illinois: Sangamon State University. pp. 35– 40. ISBN 978-0-9620873-3-2 . He has also been a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, an organizing institute working throughout the Midwest. ↑ Obama, Auma (2012). And then life happens: a memoir . New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 189– 208, 212– 216. ISBN 978-1-250-01005-6 . ↑ Obama 2004 , pp. 299–437 Maraniss 2012 , pp. 564–570 Maraniss 2012 , pp. 564–570 ↑ Joey Del Ponte; Somerville Scout Staff. "Something in the Water" . Somerville Scout . No. January/February 2014. p. 26. Archived from the original on January 1, 2020 . Retrieved January 1, 2020 . Barack Obama lived in the big, ivy-covered brick building at 365 Broadway ... From 1988 to 1991, the future president resided in a basement apartment while attending Harvard Law School. 1 2 Levenson, Michael; Saltzman, Jonathan (January 28, 2007). "At Harvard Law, a unifying voice" . Boston Globe . p. 1A. Archived from the original on August 3, 2016 . 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Retrieved January 27, 2012 . ↑ Wolf, Richard (May 16, 2012). "Obama worth as much as $10 million" . USA Today . Archived from the original on May 16, 2012 . Retrieved June 16, 2012 . ↑ "American President: Barack Obama" . Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. 2009. Archived from the original on January 23, 2009 . Retrieved January 23, 2009 . Religion: Christian "The Truth about Barack's Faith" (PDF) . Obama for America. Archived from the original on January 5, 2011 . Retrieved July 1, 2012 . Miller, Lisa (July 18, 2008). "Finding his faith" . Newsweek . Archived from the original on February 6, 2010 . Retrieved February 4, 2010 . He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago. Barakat, Matthew (November 17, 2008). "Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized; D.C. churches have started extending invitations to Obama and his family" . NBC News . Associated Press . Retrieved January 20, 2009 . The United Church of Christ, the denomination from which Obama resigned when he left Wright's church, issued a written invitation to join a UCC denomination in Washington and resume his connections to the church. "Barack Obama, long time UCC member, inaugurated forty-fourth U.S. President" . United Church of Christ. January 20, 2009. Archived from the original on January 25, 2009 . Retrieved January 21, 2009 . Barack Obama, who spent more than 20 years as a UCC member, is the forty-fourth President of the United States. Sullivan, Amy (June 29, 2009). "The Obama's find a church home—away from home" . Time . Archived from the original on April 4, 2010 . Retrieved February 5, 2010 . instead of joining a congregation in Washington, D.C., he will follow in George W. Bush's footsteps and make his primary place of worship Evergreen Chapel, the nondenominational church at Camp David. Kornblut, Anne E. (February 4, 2010). "Obama's spirituality is largely private, but it's influential, advisers say" . The Washington Post . p. A6 . Retrieved February 5, 2010 . Obama prays privately ... And when he takes his family to Camp David on the weekends, a Navy chaplain ministers to them, with the daughters attending a form of Sunday school there. "The Truth about Barack's Faith" (PDF) . Obama for America. Archived from the original on January 5, 2011 . Retrieved July 1, 2012 . Miller, Lisa (July 18, 2008). "Finding his faith" . Newsweek . Archived from the original on February 6, 2010 . Retrieved February 4, 2010 . He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago. Barakat, Matthew (November 17, 2008). "Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized; D.C. churches have started extending invitations to Obama and his family" . NBC News . Associated Press . Retrieved January 20, 2009 . The United Church of Christ, the denomination from which Obama resigned when he left Wright's church, issued a written invitation to join a UCC denomination in Washington and resume his connections to the church. "Barack Obama, long time UCC member, inaugurated forty-fourth U.S. President" . United Church of Christ. January 20, 2009. Archived from the original on January 25, 2009 . Retrieved January 21, 2009 . Barack Obama, who spent more than 20 years as a UCC member, is the forty-fourth President of the United States. Sullivan, Amy (June 29, 2009). "The Obama's find a church home—away from home" . Time . Archived from the original on April 4, 2010 . Retrieved February 5, 2010 . instead of joining a congregation in Washington, D.C., he will follow in George W. Bush's footsteps and make his primary place of worship Evergreen Chapel, the nondenominational church at Camp David. Kornblut, Anne E. (February 4, 2010). "Obama's spirituality is largely private, but it's influential, advisers say" . The Washington Post . p. A6 . Retrieved February 5, 2010 . Obama prays privately ... And when he takes his family to Camp David on the weekends, a Navy chaplain ministers to them, with the daughters attending a form of Sunday school there. ↑ Obama 2006a , pp. 202–208 Portions excerpted in: Obama, Barack (October 16, 2006). "My Spiritual Journey" . Time . Archived from the original on April 30, 2008 . Retrieved April 28, 2008 . Obama, Barack (June 28, 2006). " 'Call to Renewal' Keynote Address" . Barack Obama: U.S. Senator for Illinois. Archived from the original on January 4, 2009 . Retrieved June 16, 2008 . Obama, Barack (June 28, 2006). " 'Call to Renewal' Keynote Address" . Barack Obama: U.S. Senator for Illinois. Archived from the original on January 4, 2009 . Retrieved June 16, 2008 . ↑ Pulliam, Sarah; Olsen, Ted (January 23, 2008). "Q&A: Barack Obama" . Christianity Today . 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And—but I have known Trinity even before then when I was a community organizer on the South Side, helping steel workers find jobs ... Garrett: As a member in good standing, were you a regular attendee of Sunday services? Obama: You know, I won't say that I was a perfect attendee. I was regular in spurts, because there was times when, for example, our child had just been born, our first child. And so we didn't go as regularly then. "Obama strongly denounces former pastor" . NBC News. Associated Press. April 29, 2008 . Retrieved November 10, 2012 . I have been a member of Trinity United Church of Christ since 1992, and have known Reverend Wright for 20 years. The person I saw yesterday was not the person [whom] I met 20 years ago. Miller, Lisa (July 11, 2008). "Finding his faith" . Newsweek . Archived from the original on July 20, 2013 . Retrieved November 10, 2012 . He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago. Remnick 2010 , p. 177: "In late October 1987, his third year as an organizer, Obama went with Kellman to a conference on the black church and social justice at the Harvard Divinity School." Maraniss 2012 , p. 557: "It would take time for Obama to join and become fully engaged in Wright's church, a place where he would be baptized and married; that would not happen until later, during his second time around in Chicago, but the process started then, in October 1987 ... Jerry Kellman: 'He wasn't a member of the church during those first three years, but he was drawn to Jeremiah.'" Peter, Baker (2017). Obama: The Call of History . New York: The New York Times Company /Callaway. ISBN 978-0-935112-90-0 . OCLC 1002264033 . "Obama strongly denounces former pastor" . NBC News. Associated Press. April 29, 2008 . Retrieved November 10, 2012 . I have been a member of Trinity United Church of Christ since 1992, and have known Reverend Wright for 20 years. The person I saw yesterday was not the person [whom] I met 20 years ago. Miller, Lisa (July 11, 2008). "Finding his faith" . Newsweek . Archived from the original on July 20, 2013 . Retrieved November 10, 2012 . He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago. Remnick 2010 , p. 177: "In late October 1987, his third year as an organizer, Obama went with Kellman to a conference on the black church and social justice at the Harvard Divinity School." Maraniss 2012 , p. 557: "It would take time for Obama to join and become fully engaged in Wright's church, a place where he would be baptized and married; that would not happen until later, during his second time around in Chicago, but the process started then, in October 1987 ... Jerry Kellman: 'He wasn't a member of the church during those first three years, but he was drawn to Jeremiah.'" Peter, Baker (2017). Obama: The Call of History . 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Retrieved September 4, 2022 . ↑ "5 lessons from Obama's national parks show on Netflix" . Washington Post . ISSN 0190-8286 . Retrieved May 26, 2022 . ↑ Jones, Mondaire (October 21, 2022). "Barack Obama is Wrong to Oppose Expanding the Supreme Court" . The Nation . ↑ "Here's why former US president Barack Obama is in Australia" . March 27, 2023 . Retrieved March 29, 2023 . ↑ Mueller, Julia (October 9, 2023). "Obama condemns 'brazen' attacks against Israel" . The Hill . Retrieved December 18, 2023 . ↑ Singh, Kanishka (October 23, 2023). "Obama warns some of Israel's actions in Gaza may backfire" . Reuters . ↑ "Obama tells allies Biden's path to winning reelection has greatly diminished" . The Washington Post . July 18, 2024. Archived from the original on July 18, 2024 . Retrieved July 18, 2024 . ↑ "Obamas endorse Kamala Harris for president" . BBC. July 26, 2024. ↑ Dovere, Edward-Isaac (October 13, 2024). "Obama's reemergence on the campaign trail for Harris comes as he recognizes his own legacy is at stake" . CNN. ↑ "Obama urges Black men to show up for Harris as he campaigns in critical Pennsylvania" . Associated Press. October 11, 2024. ↑ "Obamas Call on Americans to 'Keep Building' a Country That's 'More Equal and More Free' " . Rolling Stone. November 6, 2024. ↑ McCreesh, Shawn (January 21, 2025). "Packed In for Trump's Indoor Inauguration, Awkwardness Abounds" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved June 22, 2025 . ↑ Marquez, Alexandra (February 15, 2026). "Obama derides social media 'clown show' in first comments since Trump's racist video post" . Retrieved February 18, 2026 . ↑ Wallace-Wells, Benjamin (November 2004). "The Great Black Hope: What's Riding on Barack Obama?" . Washington Monthly . Archived from the original on May 13, 2008 . Retrieved April 7, 2008 . See also: Scott, Janny (December 28, 2007). "A Member of a New Generation, Obama Walks a Fine Line" . International Herald Tribune . Archived from the original on January 17, 2008 . Retrieved April 7, 2008 . ↑ Payne, Les (August 19, 2007). "In One Country, a Dual Audience" . Newsday . New York. Archived from the original (paid archive) on September 15, 2008 . Retrieved April 7, 2008 . ↑ Dorning, Mike (October 4, 2007). "Obama Reaches Across Decades to JFK" . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original (paid archive) on June 17, 2008 . Retrieved April 7, 2008 . See also: Harnden, Toby (October 15, 2007). "Barack Obama is JFK Heir, Says Kennedy Aide" . The Daily Telegraph . London. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008 . Retrieved April 7, 2008 . ↑ Holmes, Stephanie (November 30, 2008). "Obama: Oratory and originality" . The Age . Melbourne. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008 . Retrieved December 11, 2008 . Gallo, Carmine (March 3, 2008). "How to Inspire People Like Obama Does" . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on February 26, 2009 . Retrieved February 21, 2009 . Zlomislic, Diana (December 11, 2008). "New emotion dubbed 'elevation' " . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on December 12, 2008 . Retrieved December 11, 2008 . Greene, Richard (January 25, 2011). "Obama Is America's Third Greatest Presidential Orator in Modern Era" . The Huffington Post . Retrieved July 2, 2011 . Gallo, Carmine (March 3, 2008). "How to Inspire People Like Obama Does" . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on February 26, 2009 . Retrieved February 21, 2009 . Zlomislic, Diana (December 11, 2008). "New emotion dubbed 'elevation' " . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on December 12, 2008 . Retrieved December 11, 2008 . Greene, Richard (January 25, 2011). "Obama Is America's Third Greatest Presidential Orator in Modern Era" . The Huffington Post . Retrieved July 2, 2011 . ↑ "ChangeDotGov's Channel" . Archived from the original on February 20, 2010 . Retrieved April 18, 2010 – via YouTube. ↑ Packer, George (November 8, 2008). "The New Liberalism" . The New Yorker . Retrieved December 14, 2025 . Roosevelt's answer to his interviewer reflected a belief that the Presidency has both a political role and a philosophical role. Obama, using the language of the modern age, has reflected Roosevelt's belief: there is the "post-partisan" Obama and the "progressive" Obama. Some tension exists between these two approaches... ↑ Martin, Jonathan; Lee, Carol (March 10, 2009). "Obama: 'I am a New Democrat' " . Politico . Retrieved December 14, 2025 . ↑ Drum, Kevin (January 7, 2015). "Obama Is the Most Liberal President Since LBJ—But That Doesn't Really Mean Much" . Mother Jones . Retrieved December 14, 2025 . ↑ Saad, Lydia (January 24, 2009). "Obama Starts With 68% Job Approval" . Gallup, Inc. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011 . Retrieved June 19, 2011 . ↑ Jones, Jeffrey M. (January 22, 2009). "What History Foretells for Obama's First Job Approval Rating" . Gallup, Inc. Retrieved March 18, 2025 . ↑ Jones, Jeffrey M. (November 20, 2009). "Obama Job Approval Down to 49%" . Gallup, Inc. Retrieved March 18, 2025 . ↑ Jackson, David (April 15, 2011). "Obama hits low point in Gallup Poll—41%" . USA Today . Retrieved June 19, 2011 . ↑ Terbush, Jon (December 9, 2010). "Approval By Numbers: How Obama Compares To Past Presidents" . TPMDC. Archived from the original on July 4, 2011 . Retrieved June 19, 2011 . 1 2 3 4 5 "Gallup Daily: Obama Job Approval" . Gallup Polling . January 22, 2015 . Retrieved March 23, 2015 . ↑ Oliphant, James (May 11, 2011). "Bin Laden bounce? New poll shows jump in Obama approval" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 7, 2011 . ↑ Balz, Dan; Cohen, John (June 6, 2011). "Obama loses bin Laden bounce; Romney on the move among GOP contenders" . The Washington Post . Nash Holdings LLC . Retrieved June 7, 2011 . ↑ Jones, Jeffrey M. (October 21, 2011). "Obama Job Approval Average Slides to New Low in 11th Quarter" . Gallup Inc. Archived from the original on January 15, 2024. ↑ Saad, Lydia (September 27, 2012). "Obama Approval, Vote Support Both Reach 50% or Better" . Gallup, Inc. Retrieved March 18, 2025 . ↑ "Presidential Job Approval Center" . Gallup, Inc. Archived from the original on July 2, 2015 . Retrieved June 23, 2015 . ↑ Topaz, Jonathan (October 15, 2014). "Poll: Obama hits lowest approval" . Politico . Retrieved March 18, 2025 . ↑ Horsley, Scott (November 3, 2014). "Obama's Low Approval Rating Casts Shadow Over Democratic Races" . NPR . Retrieved March 18, 2025 . ↑ Topaz, Jonathan (June 18, 2014). "NBC/WSJ poll: Obama low point" . Politico . Retrieved July 25, 2023 . ↑ Preston, Mark (October 28, 2014). "Voters are angry" . CNN . Retrieved July 25, 2023 . ↑ Jones, Jeffrey M. (February 6, 2015). "Obama Approval Ratings Still Historically Polarized" . Gallup Inc. Retrieved July 31, 2023 . ↑ Dugan, Andrew; Newport, Frank (March 10, 2016). "Obama's Job Approval at Highest Level Since May 2013" . Gallup Polling . Retrieved July 25, 2023 . ↑ "Barack Obama gets a midterm do-over to help boost Democrats" . The Virginia Pilot . Associated Press . October 28, 2022 . Retrieved July 24, 2023 . ↑ Saad, Lydia (June 19, 2017). "George W. Bush and Barack Obama Both Popular in Retirement" . Gallup Inc. Retrieved July 31, 2023 . 1 2 Jones, Jeffrey M. (February 15, 2018). "Obama's First Retrospective Job Approval Rating Is 63%" . Gallup Inc. Retrieved July 31, 2023 . ↑ Jones, Jeffrey M. (July 17, 2023). "Retrospective Approval of JFK Rises to 90%; Trump at 46%" . Gallup Inc. Retrieved July 31, 2023 . ↑ "World wants Obama as president: poll" . ABC News . Reuters . September 9, 2008. Archived from the original on September 12, 2008. ↑ Wike, Richard; Poushter, Jacob; Zainulbhai, Hani (June 29, 2016). "As Obama Years Draw to Close, President and U.S. Seen Favorably in Europe and Asia" . Global Attitudes & Trends . Pew Research Center . Retrieved February 23, 2017 . ↑ Wan, William; Clement, Scott (November 18, 2016). "Most of the world doesn't actually see America the way Trump said it did" . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 8, 2021 . ↑ Freed, John C. (February 6, 2009). "Poll shows Obama atop list of most respected" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on September 27, 2009 . Retrieved January 22, 2012 . ↑ "Obama Most Popular Leader, Poll Finds" . The New York Times . May 29, 2009. Archived from the original on June 1, 2009 . Retrieved January 22, 2012 . ↑ "Obama remains a popular symbol of hope" . France 24 . June 2, 2009. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011 . Retrieved January 22, 2012 . ↑ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2009" . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on October 10, 2009 . Retrieved October 9, 2009 . ↑ Philp, Catherine (October 10, 2009). "Barack Obama's peace prize starts a fight" . The Times . ISSN 0140-0460 . Retrieved December 15, 2021 . ↑ Otterman, Sharon (October 9, 2009). "World Reaction to a Nobel Surprise" . The New York Times . Retrieved October 9, 2009 . ↑ "Obama Peace Prize win has Americans asking why?" . Reuters . October 9, 2009 . Retrieved October 9, 2009 . ↑ "Obama: Nobel Peace Prize 'a call to action'—Politics—White House" . NBC News . October 9, 2009 . Retrieved September 13, 2014 . ↑ "Obama's win unique among presidents" . CNN . October 9, 2009. ↑ Matt Spetalnick; Wojciech Moskwa (October 10, 2009). "Obama says Nobel Peace Prize is 'call to action' " . Reuters . ↑ Stirland, Sarah Lai (November 30, 2008). "The Obama Campaign: A Great Campaign, or the Greatest?" . Wired . Archived from the original on December 11, 2023. ↑ Gallo, Carmine. "Barack Obama: A Master Class in Public Speaking [ Video ] " . Forbes . ↑ Raza, Ahmad (September 13, 2016). "3 Moments Where President Obama Earned the Title of Great Communicator" . Entrepreneur . ↑ Zelizer, Julian E. (2018). "Policy Revolution without a Political Transformation". In Zelizer, Julian (ed.). The Presidency of Barack Obama: a First Historical Assessment . Princeton University Press. pp. 1– 10. ISBN 978-0-691-16028-3 . ↑ Kamarck, Elaine (April 6, 2018). "The fragile legacy of Barack Obama" . Brookings . Archived from the original on April 6, 2018 . Retrieved October 30, 2021 . ↑ W. Wise, David (April 30, 2019). "Obama's legacy is as a disappointingly conventional president" . USAPP . Retrieved November 4, 2022 . 1 2 "Obama Legacy Will Be Recovery from Recession, Affordable Care Act" . ABC News . January 20, 2017 . Retrieved March 15, 2017 . ↑ Eibner, Christine; Nowak, Sarah (2018). The Effect of Eliminating the Individual Mandate Penalty and the Role of Behavioral Factors. Commonwealth Fund (Report). doi : 10.26099/SWQZ-5G92 . ↑ Oberlander, Jonathan (June 1, 2010). "Long Time Coming: Why Health Reform Finally Passed" . Health Affairs . 29 (6): 1112– 1116. doi : 10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0447 . ISSN 0278-2715 . PMID 20530339 . ↑ Blumenthal, David; Abrams, Melinda; Nuzum, Rachel (June 18, 2015). "The Affordable Care Act at 5 Years" . New England Journal of Medicine . 372 (25): 2451– 2458. doi : 10.1056/NEJMhpr1503614 . ISSN 0028-4793 . PMID 25946142 . S2CID 28486139 . ↑ Cohen, Alan B.; Colby, David C.; Wailoo, Keith A.; Zelizer, Julian E. (June 1, 2015). Medicare and Medicaid at 50: America's Entitlement Programs in the Age of Affordable Care . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-023156-9 . ↑ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay; Pear, Robert (March 23, 2010). "Obama Signs Health Care Overhaul into Law" . The New York Times . ↑ Long, Heather (January 6, 2017). "Final tally: Obama created 11.3 million jobs" . CNN . Archived from the original on January 7, 2017. ↑ Learish, Jessica (January 6, 2017). "Barack Obama's Legacy: Dodd-Frank Wall Street reform" . CBS News . Retrieved March 15, 2017 . ↑ Bowman, Quinn (October 28, 2009). "Obama Signs Measure to Widen Hate Crimes Law" . PBS NewsHour . Retrieved November 8, 2022 . ↑ Crary, David (January 4, 2017). "LGBT activists view Obama as staunch champion of their cause" . Associated Press . ↑ Bumiller, Elisabeth (July 22, 2011). "Obama Ends 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' Policy" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. ↑ Kennedy, Kennedy (June 30, 2016). "Pentagon Says Transgender Troops Can Now Serve Openly" . The Two-Way . NPR . ↑ Smith, Michael; Newport, Frank (January 9, 2017). "Americans Assess Progress Under Obama" . The Gallup Organization. ↑ Zenko, Micah (January 12, 2016). "Obama's Embrace of Drone Strikes Will Be a Lasting Legacy" . The New York Times . Retrieved March 2, 2019 . ↑ Grandin, Greg (January 15, 2017). "Why Did the US Drop 26,171 Bombs on the World Last Year?" . The Nation . Retrieved January 11, 2018 . ↑ Agerholm, Harriet (January 19, 2017). "Map shows where President Barack Obama dropped his 20,000 bombs" . The Independent . Retrieved January 11, 2018 . ↑ Parsons, Christi; Hennigan, W. J. (January 13, 2017). "President Obama, who hoped to sow peace, instead led the nation in war" . Los Angeles Times . ↑ Gramlich, John (January 5, 2017). "Federal prison population fell during Obama's term, reversing recent trend" . Pew Research Center. ↑ Cone, Allen (January 18, 2017). "Obama leaving office at 60 percent approval rating" . United Press International . Retrieved February 26, 2017 . ↑ Agiesta, Jennifer (January 18, 2017). "Obama approval hits 60 percent as end of term approaches" . CNN . Retrieved February 26, 2017 . ↑ Rottinghaus, Brandon; Vaughn, Justin S. (February 13, 2015). "Measuring Obama against the great presidents" . Brookings Institution . ↑ "The Obama Presidential Center" . Barack Obama Foundation. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019 . Retrieved October 10, 2023 . ↑ Williams, Sydney (November 17, 2020). "Former President Barack Obama's third book starts shipping today" . NBC News . Retrieved September 22, 2021 . ↑ Ressner, Jeffrey; Smith, Ben (August 22, 2008). "Exclusive: Obama's Lost Law Review Article" . Politico . Archived from the original on February 8, 2021 . Retrieved February 20, 2021 . Jacobs, Sally H. (2011a). The Other Barack: The Bold and Reckless Life of President Obama's Father . New York: PublicAffairs . ISBN 978-1-58648-793-5 . Maraniss, David (2012). Barack Obama: The Story . New York: Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978-1-4391-6040-4 . Mendell, David (2007). Obama: From Promise to Power . New York: Amistad/ HarperCollins . ISBN 978-0-06-085820-9 . Obama, Barack (2004) [1st pub. 1995]. Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance . New York: Three Rivers Press . ISBN 978-1-4000-8277-3 . Obama, Barack (2006a). The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream . New York: Crown Publishing Group . ISBN 978-0-307-23769-9 . Remnick, David (2010). The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama . New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-1-4000-4360-6 . Scott, Janny (2011). A Singular Woman: The Untold Story of Barack Obama's Mother . New York: Riverhead Books . ISBN 978-1-59448-797-2 . Further reading De Zutter, Hank (December 8, 1995). "What Makes Obama Run?" . Chicago Reader . Archived from the original on November 4, 2013 . Retrieved April 25, 2015 . Graff, Garrett M. (November 1, 2006). "The Legend of Barack Obama" . Washingtonian . Archived from the original on February 14, 2008 . Retrieved January 14, 2008 . Koltun, Dave (2005). "The 2004 Illinois Senate Race: Obama Wins Open Seat and Becomes National Political 'Star' ". In Ahuja, Sunil; Dewhirst, Robert (eds.). The Road to Congress 2004 . Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers. ISBN 978-1-59454-360-9 . Lizza, Ryan (September 2007). "Above the Fray" . GQ . Archived from the original on May 14, 2011 . Retrieved October 27, 2010 . MacFarquhar, Larissa (May 7, 2007). "The Conciliator: Where is Barack Obama Coming From?" . The New Yorker . Retrieved January 14, 2008 . Brooks, Roy L. (2009). Racial Justice in the Age of Obama . United States: Princeton University Press. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-691-14198-5 . McClelland, Edward (2010). Young Mr. Obama: Chicago and the Making of a Black President . New York: Bloomsbury Press. ISBN 978-1-60819-060-7 . Parmar, Inderjeet, and Mark Ledwidge. "...'a foundation-hatched black': Obama, the US establishment, and foreign policy" Archived June 27, 2023, at the Wayback Machine . International Politics 54.3 (2017): 373–388. Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Official website of The Obama Foundation Official website of the Barack Obama Presidential Library White House biography Column archive at The Huffington Post Barack Obama on X United States Congress. "Barack Obama (id: O000167)" . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Appearances on C-SPAN Barack Obama collected news and commentary at The New York Times Barack Obama articles in the archive of the Chicago Tribune Works by or about Barack Obama at the Internet Archive Works by Barack Obama at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Barack Obama on Nobelprize.org Barack Obama at Politifact 44th President of the United States (2009–2017) U.S. Senator from Illinois (2005–2008) Illinois Senator from the 13th district (1997–2004) Early life and career Illinois Senate career 2004 Democratic National Convention U.S. Senate career Political positions Administration foreign policy Cannabis Mass surveillance Social Space Administration foreign policy Mass surveillance 2009 Nobel Peace Prize Inaugurations 2009 2013 Timeline 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 January 2017 Foreign policy Ambassadors Middle East Afghanistan withdrawal Iraq withdrawal Killing of Osama bin Laden Benghazi attack Return to Iraq War in Syria Relations with Iran Iran nuclear deal Pivot to Asia Cuban thaw Obama Doctrine Europe Afghanistan withdrawal Iraq withdrawal Killing of Osama bin Laden Benghazi attack Relations with Iran Iran nuclear deal Iran nuclear deal Economic policy Affordable Care Act American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 Dodd–Frank Act Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 Affordable Care Act American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 Energy /Environmental Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act Marine policy New Energy for America Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act Clean Power Plan Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 2014 Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act New Energy for America Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act Clean Power Plan Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 2014 Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act State visit to the United Kingdom MAP-21st Century Act Presidential trips 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016–17 Judicial appointments Supreme Court Sotomayor Kagan Garland controversies Supreme Court Sotomayor Kagan Garland Cabinet Biden vice presidency Biden vice presidency Obama Foundation Presidential Library and Center Executive actions Executive orders Memoranda Proclamations Executive orders Trump transition Plantation Estate Dreams from My Father (1995) The Audacity of Hope (2006) Of Thee I Sing (2010) A Promised Land (2020) " The Audacity of Hope " (2004) " A More Perfect Union " (2008) " Change Has Come to America " (2008) " A New Birth of Freedom " (2009) Congressional joint session address (2009) " A New Beginning " (2009) Congressional joint session address (health care reform) (2009) State of the Union Address 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Tucson memorial speech (2011) Congressional joint session address (jobs) (2011) " You didn't build that " (2012) Selma 50th anniversary (2015) Farewell address (2017) State Senate 1996 1998 2002 U.S. House of Representatives 2000 2008 campaign endorsements GOP/conservative support staff members primaries primary campaign running mate selection convention debates election endorsements GOP/conservative support GOP/conservative support primaries primary campaign primary campaign running mate selection 2012 campaign endorsements primaries convention debates election Michelle Obama (wife) Ann Dunham (mother) Barack Obama Sr. (father) Lolo Soetoro (stepfather) Maya Soetoro-Ng (maternal half-sister) Stanley Armour Dunham (maternal grandfather) Madelyn Dunham (maternal grandmother) Auma Obama (paternal half-sister) Malik Obama (paternal half-brother) Marian Robinson (mother-in-law) Craig Robinson (brother-in-law) Bo (family dog) Sunny (family dog) Oprah Winfrey's endorsement Citizenship conspiracy theories litigation Religion conspiracy theories Bill Ayers controversy Jeremiah Wright controversy Republican and conservative support (2008) Assassination threats 2008 Denver 2008 Tennessee First inauguration invitations Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial Citizen's Briefing Book Tea Party protests New Energy for America Gates–Crowley Rose Garden meeting Firing of Shirley Sherrod Impeachment efforts Tan suit controversy Obama: From Promise to Power Barack Obama: Der schwarze Kennedy Redemption Song The Case Against Barack Obama The Obama Nation Culture of Corruption Barack and Michelle The Obama Story Between Barack and a Hard Place Conservative Victory The Obama Diaries The Obama Syndrome The Obama Identity O: A Presidential Novel Where's the Birth Certificate? 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