Tool to convert from/in Roman numerals (I, V, X, L, C, D et M) allowing to write integer numbers and used in Antique Rome and make conversions. Roman Numerals - dCode Tag(s) : Numeral System, History dCode is free and its tools are a valuable help in games, maths, geocaching, puzzles and problems to solve every day! A suggestion ? a feedback ? a bug ? an idea ? Write to dCode ! Communication System Roman Numerals to Hindu-Arabic (English) Converter Roman Numeral Writer Answers to Questions (FAQ) What are Roman Numerals? (Definition) Roman numerals are a non-positional numbering system used in ancient Rome (especially during the time of Caesar). It is based on the combination of seven capital letters representing fixed values, added or subtracted according to their position. What are the letters to write in Roman Numerals? Roman numeration uses 7 letters corresponding to 7 numbers. Roman digits chart from 1 to 1000: I 1 V 5 X 10 L 50 C 100 D 500 M 1000 Beyond several thousands, there are no letters to represent these numbers. However, some archaic scripts (more rare) used 4 other symbols Ɔ 500 ↀ 1000 ↁ 5000 ↂ 10000 How to read/write with Roman numerals? Roman numerals are based on two main rules: — (1) If a letter of lesser or equal value than the preceding letter is to its right, their values are added. Example: VI = 5 + 1 = 6; XX = 10 + 10 = 20 — (2) A unit (I), ten (X), or hundred (C) letter placed immediately to the left of a larger letter is subtracted from it, provided that the value of the larger letter does not exceed ten times that of the larger letter. Thus, I (1) can precede V (5) or X (10), X (10) can precede L (50) or C (100), and C (100) can precede D (500) or M (1000) Example: IV = 5 - 1 = 4; IX = 10 - 1 = 9; XL = 50 - 10 = 40; XC = 100 - 10 = 90 Other spellings (such as IL for 49 or IC for 99) are incorrect, although occasionally encountered. This is why rule (2) is sometimes extended to: any letter placed immediately to the left of another of higher value is subtracted from it , but this extension does not correspond to the classical Roman system. Example: 1970 in roman numerals MCMLXX 2001 in roman numerals MMI 1971 in roman numerals MCMLXXI 2002 in roman numerals MMII 1972 in roman numerals MCMLXXII 2003 in roman numerals MMIII 1973 in roman numerals MCMLXXIII 2004 in roman numerals MMIV 1974 in roman numerals MCMLXXIV 2005 in roman numerals MMV 1975 in roman numerals MCMLXXV 2006 in roman numerals MMVI 1976 in roman numerals MCMLXXVI 2007 in roman numerals MMVII 1977 in roman numerals MCMLXXVII 2008 in roman numerals MMVIII 1978 in roman numerals MCMLXXVIII 2009 in roman numerals MMIX 1979 in roman numerals MCMLXXIX 2010 in roman numerals MMX 1980 in roman numerals MCMLXXX 2011 in roman numerals MMXI 1981 in roman numerals MCMLXXXI 2012 in roman numerals MMXII 1982 in roman numerals MCMLXXXII 2013 in roman numerals MMXIII 1983 in roman numerals MCMLXXXIII 2014 in roman numerals MMXIV 1984 in roman numerals MCMLXXXIV 2015 in roman numerals MMXV 1985 in roman numerals MCMLXXXV 2016 in roman numerals MMXVI 1986 in roman numerals MCMLXXXVI 2017 in roman numerals MMXVII 1987 in roman numerals MCMLXXXVII 2018 in roman numerals MMXVIII 1988 in roman numerals MCMLXXXVIII 2019 in roman numerals MMXIX 1989 in roman numerals MCMLXXXIX 2020 in roman numerals MMXX 1990 in roman numerals MCMXC 2021 in roman numerals MMXXI 1991 in roman numerals MCMXCI 2022 in roman numerals MMXXII 1992 in roman numerals MCMXCII 2023 in roman numerals MMXXIII 1993 in roman numerals MCMXCIII 2024 in roman numerals MMXXIV 1994 in roman numerals MCMXCIV 2025 in roman numerals MMXXV 1995 in roman numerals MCMXCV 2026 in roman numerals MMXXVI 1996 in roman numerals MCMXCVI 2027 in roman numerals MMXXVII 1997 in roman numerals MCMXCVII 2028 in roman numerals MMXXVIII 1998 in roman numerals MCMXCVIII 2029 in roman numerals MMXXIX 1999 in roman numerals MCMXCIX 2030 in roman numerals MMXXX 2000 in roman numerals MM Use dCode converter for other numbers. How does the converter from/to Roman numerals work? The program automatically detects whether the number is in Arabic or Roman numerals and makes the conversion/translation. Roman numeration does not permit writing large numbers, beyond 9999 the program will display the number of thousands separately. This writing is not standardized but remains comprehensible. The program is very permissive and allows badly formed Roman numbers not complying with the rule (2). This is a software freedom, not a rule of the Roman system. Example: IVX is translated as 6 How to write zero (0) in Roman numerals? Romans did not use the zero, for them it was not a digit but a state of emptiness, so they did not write it (the absence of a number indicates zero). dCode writes either ?? , or 0 . How to write four (4) in Roman numerals? Four is written IV , however, this software indicates that IIII = 4, unusual, IIII is a variant of IV which is tolerated. It can be found today (typically in watches, or clocks). How to write a date with roman numerals? There is no specific way to write a date (or a birthdate), except to write the number of the day, the month and the year separately. Example: 12 / 06 / 2008 = XII / VI / MMVIII dCode has a tool to write a date in latin . In some European countries, the centuries are sometimes written in Roman numerals . What is the biggest number in roman numerals? Numbers above 10000 were not thinkable, without any calculation tool, they were useless. If you wish to write a value of hundreds of thousands, one can imagine writing hundreds of M at the beginning of the number. Example: 9999 = MMMMMMMMMCMXCIX (a bit ridiculous) How to write negative numbers in roman numerals?

The Romains do not conceive neither the negative names nor the decimals . The sign − is a modern convention that allows you to understand it. Example: -XXV = -25 How to write a decimal number in roman numerals? Using decimal numbers is very few documented in history books, however, it is probable that they used fractions, including a duodecimal currency system (base 12) which allowed sharing by 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12 without decimal places. When were Roman Numerals invented? Roman numerals were born with Antique Rome, so starting at the 7th century BC. For example, they were used with Latin. How to write Roman Numerals with Unicode? Roman numerals have been added to the Unicode standard, they encode by a single character each number from 1 to 12 (used in clocks and watches) and 8 other numbers meaning: Unicode character Value Unicode character Value Unicode character Value Ⅰ 1 Ⅱ 2 Ⅲ 3 Ⅳ 4 Ⅴ 5 Ⅵ 6 Ⅶ 7 Ⅷ 8 Ⅸ 9 Ⅹ 10 Ⅺ 11 Ⅻ 12 Ⅼ 50 Ⅽ 100 Ɔ 500 Ⅾ 500 ↀ 1000 Ⅿ 1000 ↁ 5000 ↂ 10000 Can there be more than 4 identical consecutive letters? In theory, in Roman numerals , any symbol (letter) is repeated a maximum of three times consecutively. Roman numerals can, however, be written with four identical letters in a row, but this remains rare or incorrect in standard historical notation. Example: 4000 can be written MMMM or the watchmaker's four is written IIII When to use Roman Numerals? Roman numerals are learned at school in primary school but are rarely used except in mathematics or history. Today's uses are limited to symbolic (clocks), historical (writing centuries) but also aesthetic (many tattoos use Roman numerals ). dCode retains ownership of the "Roman Numerals" source code. Any algorithm for the "Roman Numerals" algorithm, applet or snippet or script (converter, solver, encryption / decryption, encoding / decoding, ciphering / deciphering, breaker, translator), or any "Roman Numerals" functions (calculate, convert, solve, decrypt / encrypt, decipher / cipher, decode / encode, translate) written in any informatic language (Python, Java, PHP, C#, Javascript, Matlab, etc.) or any database download or API access for "Roman Numerals" or any other element are not public (except explicit open source licence). Same with the download for offline use on PC, mobile, tablet, iPhone or Android app. Reminder: dCode is an educational and teaching resource, accessible online for free and for everyone. The content of the page "Roman Numerals" and its results may be freely copied and reused, including for commercial purposes, provided that dCode.fr is cited as the source (Creative Commons CC-BY free distribution license). Exporting the results is free and can be done simply by clicking on the export icons ⤓ (.csv or .txt format) or ⧉ (copy and paste). To cite dCode.fr on another website, use the link: https://www.dcode.fr/roman-numerals In a scientific article or book, the recommended bibliographic citation is: Roman Numerals on dCode.fr [online website], retrieved on 2026-09-22, https://www.dcode.fr/roman-numerals Roman Numerals to Hindu-Arabic (English) Converter Roman Numeral Writer What are Roman Numerals? (Definition) What are the letters to write in Roman Numerals? How to read/write with Roman numerals? How does the converter from/to Roman numerals work? How to write zero (0) in Roman numerals? How to write four (4) in Roman numerals? How to write a date with roman numerals? What is the biggest number in roman numerals? How to write negative numbers in roman numerals? How to write a decimal number in roman numerals? When were Roman Numerals invented? How to write Roman Numerals with Unicode? Can there be more than 4 identical consecutive letters? When to use Roman Numerals? Babylonian Numerals Egyptian Numerals Century of a Year Kaktovik Numerals Cistercian Monk Numerals DCODE'S TOOLS LIST Cryptocurrencies