Physics Fundamentals 👋 Get concise physics updates — new articles, calculators, and tools. Your number stays private. No spam. No group chats. Just worthy content. From Newton's laws and energy conservation to transverse waves and quantum mechanics — a free, comprehensive physics education platform built to make every concept click. Free forever — no account, no paywall, no login required The laws that run our universe Physics fundamentals are precise descriptions of how everything moves, stores energy, and interacts. Every branch of science and engineering builds on these foundations. Newton's Laws of Motion The three laws governing every force and acceleration. Foundation of all classical mechanics — from billiard balls to rocket trajectories. Transverse Waves Explained Definition, labeled diagram, wavelength, amplitude, frequency, polarization — with real examples from light to guitar strings. 6,800 words. What Is Energy? Kinetic, potential, and thermal energy explained. The conservation of energy law and why it is the most important principle in all of physics. Projectile Motion Range, max height, time of flight equations with full worked examples. Why 45° maximises range and common exam mistakes corrected. Wave Speed, Frequency & Wavelength The universal wave equation v = fλ explained from first principles. From sound waves to light — worked examples and Doppler effect. Conservation of Momentum The principle behind every collision. Elastic vs inelastic collisions, centre of mass, worked examples, and why momentum never disappears. Why Physics Fundamentals The physics education platform you've been waiting for More than a website — a complete learning environment where physics fundamentals become intuitive through interaction, not memorization. Complete Physics Curriculum From classical mechanics through electromagnetism to quantum physics — every fundamental concept explained with depth and clarity by working physicists. Interactive Simulations Manipulate variables, observe outcomes, build intuition. Our physics games let you experiment in ways a textbook never could. 45 Free Calculators From projectile motion to Ohm's Law, every calculator shows the formula, the worked substitution, and the final answer — not just a number. Conceptual Understanding First We don't just hand you formulas. Every topic starts with the physical intuition — the 'why' — before introducing the mathematics. Visual Explanations Complex ideas like vector fields, wave interference, and orbital mechanics become clear through carefully designed diagrams and animations. Free & Accessible Quality physics education should never sit behind a paywall. Every article, calculator, and game we build is completely free. Comprehensive Curriculum Every branch of physics, explained from the ground up Our curriculum covers all physics fundamentals — from the classical mechanics of Newton to the strange world of quantum theory. Each topic is built for genuine understanding, not exam prep alone. Classical Mechanics Newton's Laws, Kinematics, Forces, Energy, Vectors, Fluids Gas Laws, Heat Transfer, Thermal Energy, Entropy, Ideal Gas Law Transverse & Longitudinal Waves, Interference, Diffraction, Snell's Law, Polarisation Electromagnetism Electric Fields, Circuits, Kirchhoff's Laws, Capacitors, Magnetic Fields, Faraday's Law Special Relativity, Quantum Numbers, Nuclear Decay, Binding Energy, Photoelectric Effect SUVAT Equations, Velocity, Acceleration, Graphs of Motion Everything you need to master physics fundamentals Latest Articles Start learning now 1/f = 1/u + 1/v — The Lens and Mirror Equation Explained How to Calculate Relative Velocity in 1D and 2D How Efficient Can a Heat Engine Be? The Carnot Cycle Explained What Is Black-Body Radiation? Wien's Law and Stefan-Boltzmann Explained Why Work Equals the Change in Kinetic Energy — The Work-Energy Theorem How Waves Add Together — Superposition, Phase Difference and Beats What Are Physics Fundamentals? Physics fundamentals are the core laws and principles describing how the universe behaves at every scale. Mastering them is the single most effective investment any science or engineering student can make. Classical Mechanics Classical mechanics begins with Newton's three laws . The first establishes inertia. The second (F = ma) quantifies how force produces acceleration. The third explains action–reaction pairs. Together they predict projectile trajectories , satellite orbits, and forces in every engineered structure. Wave physics governs how energy propagates. Transverse waves — oscillation perpendicular to propagation — include all electromagnetic radiation. The wave equation v = fλ connects speed, frequency, and wavelength for every wave type in the universe. Energy & Thermodynamics Energy is the central concept connecting all physics. Conservation of energy — it cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed — is one of the deepest truths in science. The first law of thermodynamics applies this to heat and work. The kinetic theory of gases links molecular motion to pressure. Forces & Conservation Laws Conservation laws are the deepest principles in physics. Conservation of momentum governs every collision. Newton's law of gravitation describes the force between any two masses — from dropping a ball to the orbit of the Moon. These are exact laws with no known exceptions. Physics that actually clicks . Concise, insight-driven updates when we publish something worth reading — a new article, calculator, or tool. No filler. No noise. Just the good stuff. Free forever · No spam · Unsubscribe in one click Join on WhatsApp Quick bites of physics — no number shared, ever Your number is never visible to other members · Channel broadcast only Everything on Physics Fundamentals Every article, topic, author, and resource — all in one place for easy discovery. 1/f = 1/u + 1/v — The Lens and Mirror Equation Explained a = Δv/Δt — Acceleration in Physics, Types and Worked Examples Alpha, Beta and Gamma Decay — How Radioactive Decay and Half-Life Work Archimedes' Principle and Buoyancy — F = ρVg Explained B = μ₀I/2πr — The Magnetic Field Around a Current-Carrying Wire Bernoulli's Principle Explained — Why Fast-Moving Fluids Have Lower Pressure Boyle's, Charles's and Gay-Lussac's Gas Laws — Formulas and Examples Centripetal vs Centrifugal Force — Which One Is Actually Real? Conduction, Convection and Radiation — The Three Types of Heat Transfer Conservation of Energy Explained — The Law, Forms and Worked Examples E = mc² — Mass-Energy Equivalence, Derived and Explained Elastic vs Inelastic Collisions — Conservation Laws and Worked Examples Electric Field and Potential — Formulas and Worked Examples Electric Potential Energy (E = kQq/r) — Work Done and Worked Examples Entropy, Heat Engines and Carnot Efficiency — The Second Law of Thermodynamics Escape Velocity — Formula, Derivation and Worked Examples F = Gm₁m₂/r² — Newton's Law of Gravitation Explained F = kq₁q₂/r² — Electric Charge and Coulomb's Law Explained F = kx — Hooke's Law, Spring Constant and Worked Examples F = ma — Newton's Second Law, Derived and Explained f = μN — Friction Force, Types and Worked Examples First Law of Thermodynamics: ΔU = Q − W Explained with Worked Examples g = GM/r² — Gravitational Fields, Field Lines and Orbital Speed GPE = mgh — Gravitational Potential Energy, Derived and Explained Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle: ΔxΔp ≥ ℏ/2 — Explained Simply How Are Wave Speed, Frequency and Wavelength Related? How Does Light Get Polarised? Malus's Law Explained How Does Resistance Change With Temperature? R = R₀(1 + αΔT) How Drag Changes Free Fall — Free Fall and Terminal Velocity Explained How Efficient Can a Heat Engine Be? The Carnot Cycle Explained How Einstein Explained the Photoelectric Effect How Fast Is the Speed of Light, and How Was It First Measured? How Light Reflects and Refracts — Snell's Law and Critical Angle How Momentum Is Conserved — Elastic vs Inelastic Collisions How to Calculate Half-Life — Formula and Worked Examples How to Calculate Relative Velocity in 1D and 2D How to Calculate Work Done in Physics (Formula and Examples) How to Combine Resistors in Series and Parallel How to Find Net Force — Free Body Diagrams and Newton's Second Law How to Solve Multi-Loop Circuits With Kirchhoff's Laws How to Write Nuclear Decay Equations — Alpha, Beta and Gamma How Waves Add Together — Superposition, Phase Difference and Beats J = FΔt = Δp — Impulse and Momentum Explained Kinetic Energy (½mv²) — Formula, Derivation and Worked Examples L = Iω — Angular Momentum, Conservation and Worked Examples Lenz's Law — Why Induced Current Always Opposes the Change Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge — Formula and Right-Hand Rule Momentum and Impulse (p = mv) — Conservation Law and Worked Examples n₁sinθ₁ = n₂sinθ₂ — Snell's Law, Derived and Explained Newton's Laws of Motion: All Three Laws, Formulas & Examples Nuclear Fission vs Fusion — E = mc², Binding Energy and How They Work P = IV = I²R = V²/R — Power in Electrical Circuits Explained P = ρgh — Pressure in Fluids, Pascal's Law and Hydraulics Potential Energy — Gravitational, Elastic and Electric Forms Explained Power in Physics — Formula (P = W/t), Units and Examples Projectile Motion — The Complete Guide With Worked Examples PV = nRT: The Ideal Gas Law Explained Variable by Variable R = v²sin2θ/g — Projectile Motion Range and Why 45° Is Maximum The 5 SUVAT Equations and When to Use Each One The Bohr Model of the Atom — Energy Levels and Eₙ = −13.6/n² eV The Doppler Effect Explained: Why Pitch Changes as a Source Moves The Simple Pendulum and Its Period Formula T = 2π√(L/g) Thermal Energy and Internal Energy — Q = mcΔT Explained Thermal Expansion Explained — ΔL = αL₀ΔT and Worked Examples Time Dilation, Length Contraction and E = mc² — Special Relativity Explained V = IR — Ohm's Law Explained With Circuits and Worked Examples Vectors vs Scalars — Definitions, Examples and Vector Addition Wave-Particle Duality — Why Light and Matter Are Both What Are Electromagnetic Waves? Speed, Spectrum and Properties What Are Kirchhoff's Laws? KCL, KVL and Worked Examples What Are Quantum Numbers? n, l, mₗ, mₛ Explained What Are Standing Waves? Nodes, Antinodes and Resonance Explained What Causes Centripetal Force? Circular Motion Explained What Is a Longitudinal Wave? Definition, Diagram and Examples What Is a Transverse Wave? Diagrams, Properties and Examples What Is Black-Body Radiation? Wien's Law and Stefan-Boltzmann Explained What Is Capacitance? C = Q/V, Energy Storage and Worked Examples What Is Centre of Gravity? Definition, Stability and Centre of Mass What Is Centre of Mass? Definition, Formula and Worked Examples What Is Diffraction? Single Slit, Gratings and dsinθ = nλ What Is Electric Current? I = Q/t, Drift Velocity Explained What Is Electromagnetic Induction? Faraday's Law and Lenz's Law What Is Energy in Physics? Definition, Types, Conservation & Units What Is Entropy? Definition, Formula and the Second Law What Is Mechanical Energy? KE + PE and Energy Transformations What Is Nuclear Binding Energy? Mass Defect and the Stability Curve

What Is Simple Harmonic Motion? x = A cos(ωt) Explained What Is Specific Heat Capacity? Formula and Worked Examples What Is Tension Force? Atwood Machine and Worked Examples What Is the Kinetic Theory of Gases? Pressure and Molecular Motion What Is Torque? Formula and Real-World Examples What Is Wave Interference? Constructive, Destructive and Superposition What Is Young's Modulus? Stress, Strain and E = σ/ε Explained What's in the Electromagnetic Spectrum? Wavelengths and Frequencies What's the Difference Between Velocity and Speed? When Is Normal Force Not Equal to mg? Normal Force Explained Why Is Projectile Motion a Parabola? Physics Explained with Proof Why Work Equals the Change in Kinetic Energy — The Work-Energy Theorem Young's Double-Slit Experiment — Proof That Light Is a Wave λ = h/mv — The De Broglie Wavelength, Derived and Explained Φ = BAcosθ and EMF = −dΦ/dt — Magnetic Flux and Faraday's Law All Calculators 2D Vector Addition & Resolution Calculator Banked Curve Calculator Black-Body Radiation Calculator Bohr Model Energy Levels Calculator Buoyancy Calculator Capacitor Charge & Energy Calculator Circular Motion Calculator Combined Gas Law Calculator Coulomb's Law Calculator de Broglie Wavelength Calculator Doppler Effect Calculator Double-Slit Fringe Spacing Calculator Electric Field Strength Calculator Electrical Power Calculator Escape Velocity Calculator Faraday's Law — Induced EMF Calculator Free Fall Calculator Gravitational Field Strength Calculator Gravitational PE Calculator Half-Life & Radioactive Decay Calculator Hooke's Law Calculator Ideal Gas Law Calculator Impulse & Momentum Calculator Kinetic Energy Calculator Lens & Mirror Equation Calculator Magnetic Force Calculator Momentum Calculator Newton's Second Law Calculator Nuclear Binding Energy Calculator Ohm's Law Calculator Pendulum Period Calculator Photoelectric Effect Calculator Projectile Motion Calculator Refractive Index & Critical Angle Calculator Relative Velocity Calculator Resistors in Series & Parallel Calculator Snell's Law Calculator Specific Heat & Latent Heat Calculator Stress, Strain & Young's Modulus Calculator SUVAT Calculator Terminal Velocity Calculator Thermal Expansion Calculator Torque Calculator Wave Speed Calculator Work & Power Calculator Bridge Builder Physics Carnot Engine Optimiser Circuit Builder Electric Field Sculptor Energy Converter Fluid Pressure Puzzle Half-Life Detective Lenz's Law Challenge Momentum Billiards Orbital Mechanic Pendulum Master Quantum Tunneller Refraction Racer Satellite Slingshot Spring Symphony Standing Wave Tuner Wave Interference Physics Glossary Angular Momentum Bernoulli's Principle Black-Body Radiation Bridge Structural Physics Centre of Gravity Centrifugal Force Centripetal Force Circular Motion Combined Gas Law Conservation of Energy Conservation of Momentum De Broglie Wavelength Elastic Collision Electric Charge Electric Circuit Electric Current Electric Potential Electric Potential Energy Electrical Power Electromagnetic Induction Electromagnetic Spectrum Electromagnetic Waves Escape Velocity First Law of Thermodynamics Gravitational Field Gravitational Force Gravitational Potential Energy Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Inelastic Collision Kinetic Theory of Gases Kirchhoff's Laws Longitudinal Wave Mass-Energy Equivalence Mechanical Energy Newton's First Law Newton's Second Law Newton's Third Law Nuclear Binding Energy Nuclear Fission Orbital Mechanics Photoelectric Effect Potential Energy Projectile Motion Quantum Numbers Quantum Tunnelling Radioactive Decay Refractive Index Relative Velocity Resistors in Series and Parallel Second Law of Thermodynamics Simple Harmonic Motion Special Relativity Specific Heat Capacity Spring Constant Stress and Strain SUVAT Equations Terminal Velocity Thermal Expansion Total Internal Reflection Transverse Wave Wave-Particle Duality Work-Energy Theorem Young's Double-Slit Experiment Young’s Modulus Classical Mechanics Electromagnetism All Calculators Projectile Motion SUVAT Equations Play Physics Games Frequently Asked Questions Common questions about physics fundamentals The fundamentals of physics encompass the core principles governing how the universe works: classical mechanics (Newton's laws, motion, forces, energy), thermodynamics (heat and entropy), electromagnetism (electric and magnetic fields), waves and optics (light and sound behavior), and modern physics (quantum mechanics and relativity). These branches form the foundation for understanding everything from how a ball rolls down a ramp to how stars generate energy through nuclear fusion. Yes, Physics Fundamentals is completely free and always will be. We believe quality physics education should be accessible to every student regardless of financial circumstances. All lessons, simulations, practice problems, and study guides are available at no cost. Our content is developed by physicists and experienced educators who hold advanced degrees in physics and related fields. Every article, simulation, and problem set undergoes rigorous review to ensure scientific accuracy and pedagogical effectiveness. We cover the full spectrum of introductory to intermediate physics: kinematics, Newton's laws, energy and momentum, rotational dynamics, thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, transverse and longitudinal waves, sound, optics, electricity, magnetism, circuits, and modern physics including special relativity, quantum mechanics, nuclear physics, and radioactive decay. Unlike a traditional textbook, Physics Fundamentals emphasizes conceptual understanding through interactive simulations, step-by-step visual explanations, and immediate feedback on practice problems. We prioritize building physical intuition before introducing mathematical formalism, which research shows leads to deeper and more lasting comprehension. The most effective approach combines conceptual understanding with mathematical practice. Start by grasping the physical intuition behind each concept before memorizing equations. Work through solved examples, then attempt problems independently. Use visual aids and simulations to build spatial and quantitative intuition. Consistency matters more than intensity: short daily sessions outperform cramming.